ISO 15118 series – Igipimo ngenderwaho cy’aho gushyurira ibyuma bitagishoboka kwirengagizwa ukundi

Mu gushushanya no guteza imbere imigozi yo gusharija mu nganda nyinshi zo mu ngo, ikiguzi cyo gusharija imigozi, imiterere y’imigozi yo gusharija, ndetse n’imiterere (inkongi/IP/intera y’umutekano), imikorere (ubuziranenge bw’amashanyarazi n’amashanyarazi), guhuza (guhuza n’ibigo bikomeye by’imodoka), imikorere yo kurinda (guhagarara mu buryo bwihutirwa/guhagarara kw’amakosa), n’ibindi by’imigozi yo gusharija ni byo byitabwaho. Ariko, abakora imigozi bake ni bo bibanda ku itumanaho hagati y’imigozi n’imodoka, ndetse no kumenya niba ijyanye n’amahame agenga itumanaho. Gushobora gutangira no gusharija gusa, ibisigaye si ngombwa cyane.

Niba ibicuruzwa bigurishwa mu gihugu gusa, nta mpamvu yo guhangayika. Mu cyemezo cya 3C cy’Ubushinwa, GB/T27930 (Digital Communication Protocol hagati y’imashini zikoresha amashanyarazi zidafite aho zihagarara n’imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi) si itegeko kugira ngo sitasiyo zishyure kugira ngo zibone icyemezo.

Amabwiriza y’ibiro by’i Burayi byo gushyuza IEC 61851-24 2014/2023 Umugereka C usobanura neza ko itumanaho ryo mu rwego rwo hejuru ry’ibiro by’ishyuza bya DC rigomba kubahiriza ibisabwa na DIN SPEC 70121:2014 cyangwa ISO 15118-2:2014. Birumvikana ko byombi bishobora no gushyigikirwa.

Umutwe w'imbunda mu gipimo cy'igihugu ufite imirongo itandukanye ya CAN+ na CAN – ibimenyetso, kandi uburyo bwo gutumanaho bukoreshwa n'ikinyabiziga n'ikirundo ni itumanaho rya CAN. Umutwe w'imbunda usanzwe w'i Burayi ntugira umurongo wa CAN, kandi itumanaho ryo mu rwego rwo hejuru hagati y'ikigo cy'i Burayi cyo gusaruza n'ikinyabiziga rigerwaho binyuze mu guhuza ibimenyetso bya frequency yo hejuru n'imirongo ya 12V, 1kHz CP na PE. Ubu buryo bwo gutumanaho bwitwa itumanaho rya Power Line Carrier (PLC).

Ingorane z’iterambere rya protocole kuri sitasiyo isanzwe yo mu Burayi yo gusharija ishingiye ku itumanaho rya PLC ni nyinshi cyane kuruta iy’itumanaho rya CAN, kandi nta bikoresho byinshi biboneka ku isoko byo kwifashisha. Kubwibyo, amasosiyete menshi yo mu bwoko bwa pile agura module zitandukanye za SECC (Supply Equipment Communication Controller), agashyira amakuru yabo bwite yo gusharija binyuze mu bimenyetso bya CAN hanyuma akayohereza kuri module ya SECC, hanyuma ikavugana na module ya EVCC y’imodoka.

Ariko, kugura module ya SECC itandukanye ni intambwe ya mbere gusa, kandi kugaragaza ko iyi module yujuje ibisabwa na DIN SPEC 70121:2014 cyangwa ISO 15118-2:2014 hamwe n'umurundo wose ni ikiguzi gikomeye.

Igiciro cy’ikizamini kimwe cya DIN 70121 cyangwa 15118 gitangwa n’ikigo gishinzwe gutanga icyemezo muri rusange kirenga amayuan 100000, igihe cy’ikizamini kidahinduka cy’iminsi mike, kandi amafaranga y’inyongera azishyurwa iyo umuntu arengeje igihe ntarengwa. Umushahara w’akazi wo gupima 15118 uzaba munini gato ugereranyije n’uwa 70121, kandi igiciro kizaba kiri hejuru y’ibihumbi icumi. Niba byombi birangiye, igiciro kizakuba kabiri.

Amasosiyete yo mu gihugu ashobora gusa gutuka ikigo cy’impamyabumenyi kubera ko kidakora neza mu gihe cyishyura amafaranga, kandi ashobora kwemera gusa icyemezo cya CE cy’i Burayi. Amasosiyete menshi yo mu bihugu ahitamo gushyigikira DIN 70121 gusa kubera impamvu yoroheje: ihendutse kurusha 15118, kandi ikibazo cyo gupima kiri hasi, hamwe n’amahirwe menshi yo kurangiza mu minsi yagenwe.

Mu by’ukuri, ikigo gishinzwe kwemeza iyi porogaramu na cyo cyungutse mu buryo butari bwo. Iyi porogaramu yo gupima iyi porogaramu - agasanduku kangana n’agasanduku gafatanye na mudasobwa yo hejuru - igura arenga miliyoni y’amayuan, igera ku giciro cy’inzu yo mu mujyi wa kabiri, hamwe n’amafaranga menshi yo kubungabunga porogaramu no kuvugurura porogaramu buri mwaka. Amasezerano yashyizweho n’i Burayi kandi ni yo yonyine ashobora kugurwa. Ikigo gishinzwe kwemeza kandi gishinja uruganda rukora iyi porogaramu kuba rudakora neza mu gihe rwishyura, bitabaye ibyo ntibari kugira ubushobozi bwo gupima uyu mushinga.

Buri wese nta yandi mahitamo afite.

Ariko, iminsi myiza yabaye imyaka mike gusa.

Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’u Burayi wasohoye AMABWIRIZA YA KOMISIYO YAGENEWE KOMISSIYO (EU) 2025/656 muri Kamena 2025, yuzuza kandi igavugurura AMABWIRIZA YA 2023/1804 yerekeye gusharija nta mashini zikoresha insinga, sisitemu z’amashanyarazi, n’itangwa rya hydrogen ku binyabiziga bitwara abantu mu muhanda. AMABWIRIZA YA 2023/1804, yasohotse mu 2023, azwi cyane nka Alternative Fuel Infrastructure Regulation (AFIR). Ni politiki y’ingenzi yashyizweho n’Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’u Burayi kugira ngo yihutishe inzira yo gutwara imyuka ihumanya ikirere no gukemura ikibazo cy’ibikorwa remezo bidahagije ku binyabiziga bisimbura ibikomoka kuri peteroli nk’amashanyarazi na hydrogen. Intego yawo nyamukuru ni uguhatira ibihugu bigize umuryango kunoza imiyoboro yabyo y’ibikorwa remezo byo gusharija, kongeramo lisansi, n’izindi serivisi binyuze mu mategeko, gukuraho “impungenge” z’abakoresha ku bijyanye no kongera ingufu, no gushyigikira gukwirakwiza ibinyabiziga bikoresha amashanyarazi ku rwego rwo hejuru, ibinyabiziga bifite amashanyarazi ya hydrogen (FCEV), n’amakamyo akoresha amashanyarazi akomeye.

Mu magambo make, ugomba kumenya gusa ko EU yasohoye verisiyo ivuguruye y’Itegeko ry’ibikorwa remezo by’ibikomoka kuri peteroli (AFIR), rifite agaciro karyo kose kandi rikaba ari itegeko rikurikizwa ku bihugu byose bigize umuryango.

Muri make, imigozi ya DC rusange nyuma ya 2026 igomba kubahiriza ibisabwa na EN ISO 15118-2:2016, naho nyuma ya 2027, imigozi yose ya DC na mode 3 AC igomba kubahiriza EN ISO 15118-20:2022.

Mu muryango w’ibice byo gusharija, kimwe cyonyine cyasigaye ni ikigega cyo gusharija cya mode 2 AC. Mu Bushinwa, iki kigega cyo gusharija gitwarwa (IC-CPD) cyitwa gusharija gitwarwa, gifite imbaraga rusange za 3.7 kW. Ibisobanuro bitangwa muri REGULATION (EU) 2025/656 ni uko ibigega byo gusharija bya mode 2 AC bikoresha PWM, bihagije kugira ngo bishyigikire ISO 15118-2 cyangwa -20, kandi nta n'ikindi kintu kizazanira umukoresha wa nyuma.

Ku bigo byo mu gihugu, iri tegeko ntiryoroshye. Nyuma gato yo kubona icyemezo cya DIN 70121, ni itegeko gushyigikira 15118, bisaba inkunga ku bipimo byombi bya 15118-2 na 15118-20. Ibigo byinshi bishobora kuba bitazi itandukaniro riri hagati y’ibipimo bya DIN 70121, ISO 15118-2, na ISO 15118-20, ndetse n’intego yo kubishyigikira.

Inkuru igomba gutangirira ku ntangiriro.

Mu ntangiriro za 2010, itsinda rihuriweho rya Komite Tekiniki ya IEC 69 ​​(TC69) na Komite Tekiniki ya ISO 22 (TC22) ryatangiye gukorana kugira ngo ritegure uruhererekane rw'amahame ngenderwaho ya ISO 15118, agamije gukemura ikibazo cy'amabwiriza agenga itumanaho hagati y'imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi n'ibigo bitanga umuriro.

Bitewe n’uko itsinda ry’abakozi ryatekereje cyane ndetse n’ubushobozi buke bw’akazi bw’abaturage b’i Burayi, amahame ngenderwaho ya 15118 yari arimo gutegurwa kandi ntaratangazwa ku mugaragaro.

Ariko isoko ntirigishobora gutegereza. Cyane cyane inganda nini z'imodoka zo mu Budage, zizeye kugera ku bushobozi rusange bwo kwishyuza imodoka zazo zikoresha amashanyarazi vuba bishoboka kandi zigahabwa inyungu ku isoko. Bityo, inganda nini z'Abadage zahuje imbaraga, maze, mu rwego rwa DIN, zikuramo bimwe mu bikubiye mu bipimo byavuzwe muri ISO 15118, kandi zitegura ibipimo ngenderwaho by'igihugu cy'Ubudage bishobora guhita bishyirwa mu bikorwa. DIN 70121 yasohotse mu 2012 ivugururwa mu 2014. DIN 70122:2018 ni ibipimo ngenderwaho bipima DIN 70121:2014.

Ariko, igipimo cya 15118 cyaje gitinze kandi cyasohoye ku mugaragaro verisiyo yacyo ya mbere mu 2013. Amahame ngenderwaho yihariye yo gukoresha hamwe n’amahame ngenderwaho yo gupima byasohotse buhoro buhoro mu 2014 na 2018. Hari ibitabo bitanu muri rusange mu ruhererekane rwa ISO 15118, kandi isano iri hagati y’ibitabo bitanu ni iyi ikurikira:

Kubwibyo, DIN 70121: 2014 ishobora gufatwa nk'uburyo bworoshye bwo gukoresha ISO 15118. DIN 70121 ishyigikira gusa gusharija DC, mu gihe amahame ya ISO 15118-1-5 ashobora gushyigikira gusharija AC na DC, ndetse no gufunga TLS, imikorere ya Plug & Charge, no gusharija mu buryo bw'ubwenge.

Mu 2022, ISO 15118 yasohoye ibipimo ngenderwaho byo gusharija by’ikinyejana cya kabiri, ari byo ISO 15118-20:2022 nk’uko byavuzwe mbere. Ugereranyije na 15118-2, inashyigikira uburyo bwo gufunga TLS1.3, VG (kohereza ingufu kuri grid), WPT (gusharija nta mugozi), na ACD (igikoresho cyo guhuza kizikora) ku buryo bw’umwimerere. Ifite kandi ibipimo ngenderwaho byo gupima bihuye nabyo:

Ivuka rya DIN SPEC 70121 ryari rigamije mbere na mbere igisubizo cy’inzibacyuho kugira ngo isoko rikomeze gukora neza mbere y’uko ISO 15118 isohoka. Ikibabaje ni uko mu buryo nyabwo bwo guhitamo itumanaho hagati y’ikirundo n’ikinyabiziga, nubwo imodoka n’ikirundo byombi bishyigikira 70121 na 15118, 90% by’ibintu biracyashingiye kuri DIN 70121.

Uretse inyungu ya mbere ya DIN 70121 yo gutwara imodoka, ku modoka nyinshi n'amapine menshi, ntabwo zisaba imikorere ihanitse (TLS/PNC/VG/WPT, nibindi), ahubwo zishaka kwishyuzwa amafaranga gusa.

Komisiyo y'Uburayi ifite ibyo itekerezaho.

Amabwiriza 2014/94/EU yerekeye ishyirwaho ry’ibikorwa remezo bya lisansi byakoreshejwe yasohotse bwa mbere mu 2014, ubwo yari atarashyirwaho itegeko, ahubwo yari amabwiriza.

Amabwiriza atandukanye n'amabwiriza asabwa, asobanura gusa ibyavuye mu mabwiriza bigomba kugerwaho, ariko asiga inzira n'uburyo bwo kugera ku byavuye mu mabwiriza hakurikijwe ubushake bw'ibihugu bigize umuryango. Aya mabwiriza ntabwo agira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye kandi asaba ibihugu bigize umuryango guhindura ibikubiye muri ayo mabwiriza mu mategeko mu gihe runaka. Urugero, Amabwiriza y'Umuryango w'Ubumwe bw'u Burayi ku bicuruzwa bya pulasitiki bishobora gukoreshwa/EU 2023/814 asaba ibihugu bigize umuryango kugenzura ikoreshwa ry'ibicuruzwa bimwe na bimwe bya pulasitiki bishobora gukoreshwa, ariko niba gushyiraho imisoro, guhagarika, cyangwa izindi ngamba ni ibya leta zigize umuryango.

Amabwiriza yo mu 2014 yerekeye ibikorwa remezo byo gusimbuza lisansi yari arimo kandi ibisabwa ku hantu ho gushyushya lisansi, aho gushyushya lisansi hifashishijwe hydrogen, aho gushyushya lisansi, nibindi bigomba kuba byujuje bitarenze 2020 na 2025, ariko ntiyari asobanutse neza, avuga gusa ko hagomba kubaho "ubwinshi bukwiye bw'ubwikorezi" budafite agaciro gasobanutse. Nta gushidikanya ko ibi byahaye ibihugu bigize i Burayi umwanya munini n'ubwisanzure, ariko ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi ntibyari byiza. Mu gushyiraho ingamba z'igihugu, ibihugu bifite intego n'ibipimo bitandukanye, bigatuma habaho iterambere ry'ibikorwa remezo ritameze neza kandi ritari ryuzuye muri EU. Ibihugu bifite iterambere ryiza kandi bikunzwe cyane n'imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi byiteguye gushora imari, mu gihe ibihugu bifite iterambere ry'imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi bitifuza kubaka. Gukoresha amafaranga y'abasora b'igihugu cyawe kugira ngo ukore amakanzu y'ubukwe ku bandi koko ntabwo ari ngombwa.

Byongeye kandi, mu myaka ya vuba aha, iterambere ry’imodoka nshya zikoresha ingufu rikomeje kwihuta, aho Ubushinwa ari bwo bwafashe iya mbere. Igipimo cy’imodoka zikoresha ingufu (tramu, tramu zikoresha ikoranabuhanga rya hybrid, na tramu zikoresha ikoranabuhanga ryagutse) cyarenze 50%. Uburayi buri inyuma cyane, kandi impamvu igaragara ni ibikorwa remezo bidakora neza, uburyo bwo gushyushya bushaje, n’imikorere igoye yo gushyushya, bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku bunararibonye bw’abantu mu ngendo.

Kuba DIN 70121, nk'amabwiriza y'inzibacyuho yavuzwe mbere, yahoraga ifatwa nk'ikintu nyamukuru cyo kwishyuza ni ikimenyetso gifatika.

Kubera iyo mpamvu, Komisiyo y’Uburayi yamenye ko ibikorwa remezo bishya by’ingufu bitagishobora gutinda. Bitabaye ibyo, ntabwo tuzananirwa kugera ku ntego yo kugabanya karuboni mu 2050 gusa, ahubwo tuzaba turi inyuma y’Ubushinwa mu buryo bwuzuye. Bityo rero muri 2023, amabwiriza ya 2014/94/EU yavuguruwe kandi avugururwa hakurikijwe ibisabwa n’Itegeko (EU) 2023/1804. Ibirango bivugwa neza mu ngingo ya 3, no ku muyoboro w’ibanze wa TEN-T:

Muri make, imihanda minini mu muryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi isaba ahantu ho gushyushya, cyane cyane ahantu ho gushyushya vuba hakoreshejwe ingufu nyinshi.

Nyuma yo kugaragaza umubare n'ingufu za sitasiyo zitanga umuriro mu itegeko ryo mu 2023, Komisiyo y'Uburayi yabonye ko bidahagije. Imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi zikenera gusa sitasiyo zitanga umuriro mwinshi, kandi hakenewe sitasiyo zoroshye gukoresha, zoroshye gukoresha, kandi zibonerana.

Tekereza utwaye imodoka yawe igezweho y'amashanyarazi wishimye mu Burayi, urimo kwishyuza neza mu Bufaransa hamwe no kwishyura kode ya QR, kwihuta cyane mu gusharija, no kwishyura fagitire. Ariko nyuma yo kujya mu Bugereki, nasanze imiterere y'umutwe w'imbunda ishaje kandi idahuye n'imodoka yawe iheruka. Nazengurutse ahantu henshi ho gushyuza ariko sinabona imbunda ikwiye yo gushyuza. Rero wagiye muri Bulugariya, igihugu gituranye n'Ubugereki, aho ushobora gushyiramo imbunda, ariko ugomba gukoresha imashini ya POS kugira ngo ukoreshe ikarita yawe kandi ntushyigikire kwishyura kode ya QR. Wari wihebye kuko utari witwaje ikarita ya banki kandi igice gisigaye cy'imodoka cyari munsi ya kilometero 20. Mbega uburambe bubi cyane.

Kugira ngo iki kibazo gikemuke, ni ngombwa guhuza uburyo bwo guhuza imiterere n'itumanaho bya sitasiyo yo gusharija.

Mu Mabwiriza (EU) 2025/656 yerekeye ibikorwa remezo byo gusimbuza lisansi, hibandwa ku kugaragaza ko aho ibyuma bishya bishyirwa cyangwa bivugururwa bigomba kubahiriza ibisabwa na IEC 62196-2:2022 na IEC 62196-3:2022, hagakurikiraho ibisabwa na ISO 15118-2:2016 na ISO 15118-20:2022 nk'uko byavuzwe haruguru.

Impamvu yo guhitamo kudakoresha DIN 70121 nk'amahame ngenderwaho mu itumanaho ntabwo bigoye kuyitekerezaho.

DIN 70121 iroroshye cyane, nta buryo bwizewe bwo gufunga amakuru mu gihe cy'itumanaho, kandi ntishyigikira uburyo bwa PNC (plug and play), ibyo byongera umutwaro ku bakoresha kandi ntabwo byoroshye cyane. Kandi hamwe n'uburyo bwa PNC, abakoresha bashobora gukora hafi batatekereje, gushyiramo imbunda kandi ntibagire icyo bahangayikishwa nacyo - nta mpamvu yo gukanda ikarita, nta mpamvu yo gushakisha kode, nta mpamvu yo gukanda kuri ecran. Nyuma yo gusharija, umukozi azajya akoherereza amakuru y'inyemezabwishyu mu buryo bwikora.

Kandi bitarenze 2027, imiyoboro yose ya AC na DC izaba ifite ubushobozi bwo gukoresha 15118-20 (cyane cyane imikorere ya VG), cyane cyane ku miterere y'umuyoboro rusange w'amashanyarazi. Ikinyabiziga gishya gitanga ingufu gishobora kuba kitari ikibazo gikomeye, ariko niba hari imodoka 100000 cyangwa miliyoni, ingufu zibitswe ziba nyinshi. Iyo mu gihe cy'amashanyarazi menshi, igice cy'ingufu z'amashanyarazi z'imodoka zigarurwa ku muyoboro w'amashanyarazi, bishobora kugabanya cyane umutwaro ku muyoboro w'amashanyarazi hatabayeho gukoresha moteri nyinshi. Mu kibaya cy'amashanyarazi, ingufu zirenze urugero ziva ku muyoboro w'amashanyarazi zishobora koherezwa ku modoka zidapfusha ubusa amashanyarazi. Sitasiyo zo gusharija zifite ubushobozi bwo guhuza umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi ni ingenzi cyane mu turere tumwe na tumwe tw'i Burayi, aho uburyo bw'ingenzi bwo gukora amashanyarazi bushingiye ku muyaga n'ingufu z'izuba. Izi ngufu zitwara igihe kandi zigomba kubikwa, bitabaye ibyo zizapfusha ubusa.

Muri make, ukurikije amabwiriza yavuguruwe yerekeye ibikorwa remezo byo gusimbuza lisansi yasohotse mu 2025, urashobora kumva neza ko Uburayi bwiyemeje kandi bwihutirwa mu bijyanye n’ingufu nshya. Bitabaye ibyo, ntabwo bizaba itegeko gushyira mu bikorwa mu ntangiriro za 2026, amezi atandatu nyuma yo gushyirwa ahagaragara.

Kubera ko ari itegeko rigenga, si ikintu giteye ubwoba buri wese, ahubwo ni icyifuzo nyakuri. Ku rubuga rw’i Burayi rukurikirana ibikorwa remezo byo gusimbuza lisansi, hari amakuru arambuye, agufasha kubona neza kandi mu buryo bwumvikana intambwe y’ubwubatsi ya buri gihugu.

Nyuma y’uko ayo mategeko asohotse, ibihugu bigize Umuryango w’Uburayi byatangiye gutanga ubufasha. Mu Gushyingo 2025, Ubufaransa bwatangaje ko buzatanga inkunga ku bidukikije yo kugura imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi ku giti cyazo; Mu Gushyingo 2025, Ubudage bwasohoye gahunda ndangamurage yo kwishyuza ibikorwa remezo bitarenze 2030, ijyanye neza n’amabwiriza y’Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’u Burayi (AFIR) 2023/1804; Mu Butaliyani, hamwe n’inkunga yo kugurisha, isoko ry’imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi rizazamukaho 12.2% gusa muri 2025. Mu Kuboza 2025, igihugu gito cyo mu birwa bya Chypre kiri mu Burayi kiri kwitegura gutanga miliyoni 4.5 z’amayero kugira ngo giteze imbere uburyo bwo gutwara amashanyarazi.

Amasosiyete akomeye y'imodoka yatangiye gushyiraho imodoka zijyanye na 15118-20. Imodoka ya 2026 ya sosiyete ishaje ya BMW iX3 ishyigikira byimazeyo imikorere ya VG; Hyundai IONIQ, idagurishwa neza mu Bushinwa, inateganya gukorana no gushyiraho imodoka ya 15118-20 muri 2026; EQS ya Mercedes Benz na Volkswagen's ID nabyo birateganyijwe.

Ku bigo by’imbere mu gihugu bikora ubucuruzi bwo kohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga, waba ubyifuza cyangwa utabyifuza, kandi niba ufite ubushobozi bwo gukora module za SECC ku giti cyawe, ISO 15118-2 na 15118-20 ni amahame adashobora kurebwa kugira ngo yoherezwe mu Burayi.

Kuri ubu, nk'uko umwanditsi abyumvisha, hari ibigo bike ku isoko bishyigikira ISO 15118-2 plug and play charging (uburyo bwa PNC), kandi nta buryo bwo gusharija impande ebyiri buhari bushyigikira ISO 15118-20.

Aho gutegereza no kureba, ni byiza gushyira imbaraga mu kazi hakiri kare no gukoresha amahirwe yo ku isoko. Nk'uko DIN 70121 yavuzwe haruguru, yakoreshejwe cyane mu myaka mike ishize.