Mndandanda wa ISO 15118 - Muyezo wa malo ogulitsira malo omwe sanganyalanyazidwenso

Mu njira yopangira ndi kupanga ma charger piles m'mafakitale ambiri am'nyumba, mtengo wa ma charger piles, mawonekedwe a ma charger piles, komanso kapangidwe kake (moto/IP/chitetezo), magwiridwe antchito (kulondola kwa mphamvu ndi mphamvu), kuyanjana (kusintha malinga ndi makampani akuluakulu amagalimoto), ntchito zoteteza (kuima mwadzidzidzi/kuima kolakwika), ndi zina zotero za ma charger piles amaganiziridwa. Komabe, opanga ochepa okha ndi omwe amaganizira kwambiri njira yolumikizirana pakati pa ma piles ndi magalimoto, osatinso ngati ikugwirizana ndi miyezo yolumikizirana yoyenera. Ingoyambani ndikuyiyika, zina zonse sizofunika kwenikweni.

Ngati malonda akugulitsidwa m'dziko muno okha, palibe chifukwa chodera nkhawa. Mu satifiketi ya 3C ya ku China, GB/T27930 (Digital Communication Protocol pakati pa Off Board Conductive Chargers ndi Electric Vehicles) si lamulo lofunikira kuti malo ochajira magetsi apeze satifiketi.

Malamulo a malo ochapira magalimoto ku Ulaya IEC 61851-24 2014/2023 Appendix C akufotokoza momveka bwino kuti kulumikizana kwapamwamba kwa malo ochapira magalimoto ku DC kuyenera kutsatira zofunikira za DIN SPEC 70121:2014 kapena ISO 15118-2:2014. Zachidziwikire, zonsezi zitha kuthandizidwanso.

Mutu wa mfuti mu muyezo wa dziko uli ndi mizere yosiyana ya chizindikiro cha CAN+ ndi CAN, ndipo njira yolankhulirana yomwe galimotoyo ndi mulu wake zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kulumikizana kwa CAN. Mutu wa mfuti wa ku Ulaya ulibe mzere wa CAN, ndipo kulumikizana kwapamwamba pakati pa siteshoni yolipirira ya ku Ulaya ndi galimotoyo kumachitika polumikiza zizindikiro zamafupipafupi apamwamba ku mizere ya 12V, 1kHz CP ndi PE. Njira yolankhulirana iyi imatchedwa kulumikizana kwa Power Line Carrier (PLC).

Kuvuta kwa chitukuko cha njira yoyendetsera malo ochapira magalimoto ku Europe pogwiritsa ntchito kulumikizana kwa PLC n'kokulirapo kuposa kulumikizana kwa CAN, ndipo palibe zinthu zambiri zotseguka zomwe zikupezeka pamsika kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito. Chifukwa chake, makampani ambiri amagula mwachindunji ma module osiyana a SECC (Supply Equipment Communication Controller), amaphatikiza zambiri zawo zochapira kudzera mu zizindikiro za CAN ndikuzitumiza ku module ya SECC, yomwe kenako imalumikizana ndi module ya EVCC ya galimotoyo.

Komabe, kugula gawo lina la SECC ndi gawo loyamba lokha, ndipo kutsimikizira kuti gawoli likukwaniritsa zofunikira za DIN SPEC 70121:2014 kapena ISO 15118-2:2014 pamodzi ndi mulu wonse ndi ndalama zambiri.

Mtengo wa mayeso amodzi a DIN 70121 kapena 15118 ndi bungwe lopereka satifiketi nthawi zambiri umakhala woposa 100000 yuan, ndi nthawi yokhazikika yoyesera ya masiku angapo, ndipo ndalama zina zidzalipidwa chifukwa chopitirira malire a nthawi. Ntchito yoyesera 15118 idzakhala yayikulu pang'ono kuposa ya 70121, ndipo mtengo udzakhala wokwera pafupifupi zikwi makumi ambiri. Ngati zonse ziwiri zatha, mtengowo udzawirikiza kawiri.

Makampani ogulitsa milu m'nyumba amatha kungotemberera bungwe lopereka satifiketi chifukwa chosakhulupirika polipira ndalama, ndipo angavomereze satifiketi ya CE ya ku Europe yokha. Makampani ambiri ogulitsa milu amasankha kuthandizira DIN 70121 pazifukwa zosavuta: ndi yotsika mtengo kuposa 15118, ndipo vuto loyesa ndi lochepa, ndipo mwayi woti amalize ntchito mkati mwa masiku omwe atchulidwa.

Ndipotu, bungwe lopereka satifiketi lomwe linayesa njira imeneyi linapezanso phindu mopanda chilungamo. Choyeserera choyesera njira iyi - bokosi laling'ono lokhala ndi kabati lolumikizidwa ndi kompyuta yapamwamba - chimawononga ndalama zoposa yuan miliyoni imodzi, zomwe zimayandikira mtengo wa nyumba yachiwiri ya mzinda, ndi ndalama zambiri zokonzera mapulogalamu ndi kukweza mapulogalamu pachaka. Mgwirizanowu unakhazikitsidwa ndi Europe ndipo mapulani awo oyesera okha ndi omwe angagulidwe. Bungwe lopereka satifiketi limadzudzulanso wopanga choyeserera chifukwa chosakhulupirika akamalipira, apo ayi sakanakhala ndi mphamvu zoyesera ntchitoyi.

Aliyense alibe chochita.

Komabe, masiku abwino akhala zaka zochepa chabe.

European Union idatulutsa COMMISSION DELEGATED REGULATION (EU) 2025/656 mu June 2025, yomwe imawonjezera ndikusintha REGULATION (EU) 2023/1804 pa kuyatsa opanda zingwe, machitidwe amagetsi pamsewu, ndi kupereka kwa haidrojeni pamagalimoto oyendera pamsewu. REGULATION (EU) 2023/1804, yomwe idatulutsidwa mu 2023, imadziwika kwambiri kuti Alternative Fuel Infrastructure Regulation (AFIR). Ndi mfundo yofunika kwambiri yomwe idayambitsidwa ndi European Union kuti ifulumizitse kusintha kwa kusamutsa mpweya woipa ndikuthana ndi vuto la zomangamanga zosakwanira zamafuta ena monga magetsi ndi haidrojeni. Cholinga chake chachikulu ndikukakamiza mayiko omwe ali mamembala kuti akonze maukonde awo a zomangamanga kuti azichaja, kudzaza mafuta, ndi ntchito zina kudzera mu malamulo, kuchotsa "nkhawa" ya ogwiritsa ntchito yokhudza kuchuluka kwa magetsi ndi kubwezeretsanso mphamvu, ndikuthandizira kufalikira kwakukulu kwa magalimoto amagetsi (EV), magalimoto a hydrogen fuel cell (FCEV), ndi magalimoto akuluakulu amagetsi.

Mwachidule, muyenera kudziwa kuti EU yatulutsa mtundu wosinthidwa wa Alternative Fuel Infrastructure Regulation (AFIR), womwe uli ndi mphamvu zonse zalamulo ndipo ndi lamulo lofunikira lomwe limagwira ntchito mwachindunji kumayiko onse omwe ali mamembala.

Mwachidule, milu ya DC ya anthu onse pambuyo pa 2026 iyenera kutsatira zofunikira za EN ISO 15118-2:2016, ndipo pambuyo pa 2027, milu yonse ya DC ndi milu ya mode 3 AC iyenera kutsatira EN ISO 15118-20:2022.

Mu banja la milu yochajira, yokhayo yomwe yatsala ndi mulu wochajira wa mode 2 AC. Ku China, mulu wochajira wonyamulikawu (IC-CPD) umatchedwa kuti portable charging, wokhala ndi mphamvu ya 3.7 kW. Kufotokozera komwe kwaperekedwa mu REGULATION (EU) 2025/656 ndikuti milu ya mode 2 AC imagwiritsa ntchito PWM, yomwe ndi yokwanira kuthandizira ISO 15118-2 kapena -20, ndipo sidzabweretsa phindu lina lililonse kwa wogwiritsa ntchito.

Kwa makampani okhala ndi milu ya m'nyumba, lamuloli si lophweka. Mukangolandira satifiketi ya DIN 70121, ndikofunikira kuthandizira 15118, zomwe zimafuna chithandizo cha 15118-2 ndi 15118-20. Makampani ambiri sangadziwe kusiyana pakati pa miyezo ya DIN 70121, ISO 15118-2, ndi ISO 15118-20, komanso cholinga chothandizira.

Nkhaniyi iyenera kuyambira pachiyambi.

Kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 2010, gulu logwira ntchito limodzi la Komiti Yaukadaulo ya IEC 69 ​​(TC69) ndi Komiti Yaukadaulo ya ISO 22 (TC22) linayamba kugwira ntchito limodzi kuti lipange miyezo ya ISO 15118, cholinga chake chinali kuthana ndi vuto la kukhazikika kwa kulumikizana pakati pa magalimoto amagetsi ndi malo ochapira,.

Chifukwa cha kuganizira kwambiri kuchokera kwa gulu la ogwira ntchito komanso kusagwira bwino ntchito kwa anthu aku Europe, miyezo ya 15118 yakhala ikukonzekera ndipo sinatulutsidwe mwalamulo.

Koma msika sungadikirenso. Makamaka makampani akuluakulu a magalimoto aku Germany, akuyembekeza kukwaniritsa kuyitanitsa magalimoto awo amagetsi mwachangu momwe angathere ndikupeza zabwino pamsika. Chifukwa chake, makampani akuluakulu aku Germany adagwirizana, ndipo, mkati mwa DIN, adatenga zina mwazomwe zakula zomwe zafotokozedwa mu ISO 15118, ndikupanga muyezo wadziko lonse waku Germany womwe ungagwiritsidwe ntchito nthawi yomweyo. DIN 70121 idatulutsidwa mu 2012 ndipo idasinthidwa mu 2014. DIN 70122:2018 ndi muyezo woyesera womwe umatumikira DIN 70121:2014.

Komabe, muyezo wa 15118 unafika mochedwa ndipo unangotulutsidwa mwalamulo mtundu wake woyamba mu 2013. Miyezo yake yeniyeni yogwiritsira ntchito ndi miyezo yoyesera idatulutsidwa pang'onopang'ono mu 2014 ndi 2018. Pali mabuku asanu mu mndandanda wa ISO 15118, ndipo ubale pakati pa mabuku asanuwo ndi uwu:

Chifukwa chake, DIN 70121:2014 ikhoza kuonedwa ngati mtundu wosavuta wa muyezo wa ISO 15118. DIN 70121 imathandizira kuyitanitsa kwa DC kokha, pomwe miyezo ya ISO 15118-1-5 imatha kuthandizira kuyitanitsa kwa AC ndi DC, komanso kubisa kwa TLS, magwiridwe antchito a Plug&Charge, komanso kuyitanitsa mwanzeru.

Mu 2022, ISO 15118 idatulutsa mibadwo yachiwiri ya miyezo yochapira, yomwe ndi ISO 15118-20:2022 monga tafotokozera kale. Poyerekeza ndi 15118-2, imathandiziranso ntchito za TLS1.3 encryption, VG (kutumiza mphamvu ku gridi), WPT (kuchaja opanda zingwe), ndi ACD (chida cholumikizira chokha) pamaziko oyamba. Ilinso ndi miyezo yoyesera yofanana:

Kubadwa kwa DIN SPEC 70121 poyamba kunapangidwa ngati njira yosinthira kuti zitsimikizire kuti msika ukuyenda bwino ISO 15118 isanatulutsidwe. Tsoka ilo, mu njira yeniyeni yolumikizirana pakati pa mulu ndi galimoto, ngakhale galimoto ndi mulu wonse zikugwirizana ndi 70121 ndi 15118, 90% ya zochitikazo zimadalirabe DIN 70121.

Kuwonjezera pa ubwino woyamba wa DIN 70121, pamagalimoto ambiri ndi ma pile, safuna ntchito zina zapamwamba (TLS/PNC/VG/WPT, ndi zina zotero), amangofuna kulipitsidwa mosavuta.

European Commission ili ndi malingaliro awo.

Lamulo la 2014/94/EU lokhudza kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zina zopangira mafuta linaperekedwa koyamba mu 2014, pomwe silinali lamulo, koma lamulo.

Lamuloli ndi losiyana ndi malamulo ofunikira, limangofotokoza zotsatira zomwe ziyenera kukwaniritsidwa, koma limasiya njira ndi mawonekedwe opezera zotsatirazo motsatira zomwe maboma a mayiko omwe ali mamembala akufuna. Lamuloli silikugwira ntchito mwachindunji ndipo limafuna mayiko omwe ali mamembala kuti asinthe zomwe zili mu lamuloli kukhala lamulo mkati mwa nthawi inayake. Mwachitsanzo, Lamulo la EU pa Zogulitsa Zotayidwa Zapulasitiki/EU 2023/814 limafuna mayiko omwe ali mamembala kuti azilamulira kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zina zapulasitiki zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito nthawi imodzi, koma ngati apereka misonkho, ziletso, kapena njira zina ndi udindo wa mayiko omwe ali mamembala kusankha.

Lamulo la 2014 lokhudza kusintha kwa malo opangira mafuta linaphatikizaponso zofunikira pa malo ochapira, malo odzaza mafuta a hydrogen, malo odzaza mafuta, ndi zina zotero kuti zikwaniritsidwe pofika chaka cha 2020 ndi 2025, koma sizinali zomveka bwino, koma linanena kuti payenera kukhala "kuchulukana koyenera" popanda kufunika komveka bwino kwa cholinga. Mosakayikira, izi zinapatsa mayiko mamembala a ku Europe nthawi yambiri yosungira ndi ufulu, koma zotsatira zake sizinali zabwino. Popanga ndondomeko zadziko, mayiko ali ndi zolinga ndi miyeso yosiyana, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale chitukuko chosagwirizana komanso chosafanana mkati mwa EU. Mayiko omwe ali ndi chitukuko chabwino komanso otchuka kwambiri pamagalimoto amagetsi amakhala okonzeka kuyika ndalama, pomwe mayiko omwe ali ndi chitukuko chapakati chamagalimoto amagetsi sakufuna kumanga. Kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama za okhometsa msonkho a dziko lanu kupanga madiresi aukwati kwa ena sikofunikira kwenikweni.

Komanso, m'zaka zaposachedwapa, chitukuko cha magalimoto atsopano amagetsi chakhala chachangu, ndipo China ikutsogolera. Kuchuluka kwa magalimoto amagetsi (ma tram, ma plug-in hybrid tram, ndi ma tram akutali) kwapitirira 50%. Europe ikutsalira kwambiri, ndipo chifukwa chachikulu ndi kufooka kwa zomangamanga, mikhalidwe yakale yolipirira, ndi ntchito zovuta zolipirira, zomwe zimakhudza kwambiri zomwe anthu akumana nazo paulendo.

Mfundo yakuti DIN 70121, monga njira yosinthira yomwe yatchulidwa kale, nthawi zonse imaonedwa ngati njira yolipirira ndi umboni womveka bwino.

Chifukwa chake, pankhaniyi, European Commission yazindikira kuti zomangamanga zatsopano zamagetsi sizingachedwetsedwenso. Kupanda kutero, sitidzangolephera kukwaniritsa cholinga chochepetsa mpweya wa kaboni cha 2050, komanso tidzatsalira kwambiri ndi China. Chifukwa chake mu 2023, malangizo a 2014/94/EU adasinthidwa ndikusinthidwa kukhala lamulo la Regulation (EU) 2023/1804. Ma tag afotokozedwa momveka bwino mu Article 3, komanso pa netiweki yayikulu ya TEN-T:

Mwachidule, misewu ikuluikulu ku EU imafuna malo ochapira, makamaka malo ochapira mofulumira kwambiri.

Pambuyo pofotokoza kuchuluka ndi mphamvu ya malo ochapira mwatsatanetsatane mu lamulo la 2023, European Commission idaganiza kuti sizokwanira. Magalimoto amagetsi amangofunika malo ochapira amphamvu kwambiri, ndipo pakufunikanso malo ochapira osavuta kugwiritsa ntchito, osavuta kugwiritsa ntchito, komanso owonekera bwino.

Tangoganizirani kuyendetsa galimoto yanu yamagetsi yatsopano mosangalala ku Europe, kuyitanitsa bwino ku France ndi kulipira QR code mosavuta, kuthamanga kwachangu, komanso kulipira mabilu. Koma nditapita ku Greece, ndinapeza kuti mawonekedwe enieni a mutu wa mfuti anali akale ndipo sagwirizana ndi galimoto yanu yaposachedwa. Ndinayendayenda m'malo angapo ochajira koma sindinapeze mfuti yoyenera yochajira. Chifukwa chake munapita ku Bulgaria, dziko loyandikana nalo la Greece, komwe mungaike mfuti, koma muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito makina a POS kuti musunthe khadi yanu ndipo simukuthandizira kulipira QR code. Munali ofunitsitsa chifukwa simunanyamule khadi la banki ndipo mtunda wotsala wa batri wa galimotoyo unali wochepera makilomita 20. Zinali zoopsa bwanji.

Kuti vutoli lithe, ndikofunikira kugwirizanitsa mawonekedwe enieni ndi njira yolumikizirana ya malo ochapira.

Mu Regulation (EU) 2025/656 yokhudza zomangamanga zosinthira mafuta, cholinga chachikulu ndi kuwonetsa kuti malo olumikizirana a malo ochapira omwe angoyikidwa kumene kapena okonzedwanso ayenera kutsatira zofunikira za IEC 62196-2:2022 ndi IEC 62196-3:2022, kutsatiridwa ndi zofunikira za ISO 15118-2:2016 ndi ISO 15118-20:2022 monga tafotokozera pamwambapa.

Chifukwa chosankhira kugwiritsa ntchito DIN 70121 ngati muyezo wolumikizirana sichinthu chovuta kuyerekeza.

DIN 70121 ndi yosavuta kwambiri, ilibe chitetezo chobisika panthawi yolankhulana, ndipo siyigwirizana ndi ntchito ya PNC (plug and play), zomwe zimawonjezera katundu kwa ogwiritsa ntchito ndipo sizothandiza kwenikweni. Ndipo ndi ntchito ya PNC, ogwiritsa ntchito amatha kugwira ntchito mosaganizira, kulumikiza mfuti ndipo osadandaula ndi chilichonse - palibe chifukwa chosinthira khadi, palibe chifukwa chosanthula code, palibe chifukwa chodina pazenera. Mukamaliza kulipiritsa, wogwiritsa ntchitoyo adzakutumizirani zokha zambiri za bilu.

Ndipo pofika chaka cha 2027, ma AC ndi DC pile onse azithandizira 15118-20 (makamaka ntchito ya VG), makamaka pakupanga gridi yonse. Galimoto yatsopano yamagetsi yamagetsi singakhale vuto lalikulu, koma ngati pali magalimoto 100000 kapena mamiliyoni ambiri, mphamvu yosungidwayo ndi yayikulu. Ngati panthawi yamagetsi ambiri, gawo la mphamvu yamagetsi yagalimoto libwereranso ku gridi, lingathandize kuchepetsa kwambiri katundu pa gridi popanda kuyika majenereta ambiri. M'chigwa chamagetsi, mphamvu yochulukirapo kuchokera ku gridi yamagetsi imatha kutumizidwa ku magalimoto popanda kuwononga magetsi. Malo ochaja omwe ali ndi mphamvu yolumikizira gridi ndi ofunikira kwambiri m'madera ena akutali ku Europe, komwe njira zazikulu zopangira magetsi zimadalira mphamvu ya mphepo ndi dzuwa. Magwero amagetsi awa ndi osamala nthawi ndipo ayenera kusungidwa, apo ayi adzawonongeka.

Mwachidule, kuchokera ku malamulo osinthidwa okhudza zomangamanga zosinthira mafuta omwe adatulutsidwa mu 2025, mutha kumva bwino kutsimikiza mtima kwa Europe ndi changu chake pakugwiritsa ntchito magetsi atsopano. Kupanda kutero, sizidzakhala zofunikira kukhazikitsa kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 2026, miyezi isanu ndi umodzi itatulutsidwa.

Popeza ndi lamulo lovomerezeka, si vuto kwa aliyense, koma ndi funso lenileni. Pa tsamba la European monitoring la zomangamanga zosinthira mafuta, pali zambiri zomwe zalembedwa, zomwe zimakulolani kuti muwone bwino komanso mwachidwi momwe ntchito yomanga ikuyendera m'dziko lililonse.

Malamulo atatulutsidwa, mayiko omwe ali mamembala a ku Europe ayamba kuyankha mwachangu. France idalengeza mu Novembala 2025 kuti ipereka ndalama zothandizira zachilengedwe pogula magalimoto amagetsi achinsinsi; Mu Novembala 2025, Germany idatulutsa dongosolo lalikulu lolipiritsa zomangamanga pofika chaka cha 2030, mogwirizana ndi European Union Regulation (AFIR) 2023/1804; Ku Italy, ndi ndalama zothandizira ma coupon, gawo la msika wa magalimoto amagetsi enieni lidzakwera ndi 12.2% mu 2025. Mu Disembala 2025, dziko laling'ono la pachilumba cha Cyprus ku Europe likukonzekera kupereka ma euro 4.5 miliyoni kuti lilimbikitse kuyenda kwamagetsi.

Makampani akuluakulu a magalimoto ayambanso kuyambitsa mitundu yomwe ikugwirizana ndi 15118-20. Mtundu wa 2026 wa kampani yakale yamagalimoto ya BMW iX3 umathandizira mokwanira ntchito ya VG; Hyundai IONIQ, yomwe sigulitsidwa bwino ku China, ikukonzekeranso kugwira ntchito limodzi ndikuyambitsa mtundu wa 15118-20 mu 2026; Mercedes Benz's EQS ndi mndandanda wa ID wa Volkswagen nawonso akukonzekera.

Kwa makampani am'nyumba omwe akuchita bizinesi yotumiza kunja, kaya mukufuna kapena ayi, komanso ngati muli ndi kuthekera kopanga ma module a SECC paokha, ISO 15118-2 ndi 15118-20 ndi miyezo yomwe singadulidwe kuti itumizidwe ku Europe.

Pakadali pano, malinga ndi kumvetsetsa kwa wolembayo, pali makampani ochepa omwe ali pamsika omwe amathandizira ISO 15118-2 plug and play charging (PNC mode), ndipo palibe ntchito yolipirira ya bidirectional yomwe imathandizira ISO 15118-20.

M'malo moyembekezera ndi kuonera, ndi bwino kuyika ndalama mwachangu ndikugwiritsa ntchito mwayi wamsika. Monga momwe DIN 70121 idatchulidwira kale, idagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri zaka zingapo zapitazo.