Jerin ISO 15118 - Ma'auni don tashoshin caji waɗanda ba za a iya watsi da su ba

A cikin tsarin ƙira da haɓaka tukwanen caji a yawancin masana'antun tukwanen cikin gida, ana la'akari da farashin tukwanen caji, ƙirar bayyanar tukwanen caji, da kuma tsarin (nisan wuta/IP/tsaron aminci), aiki (daidaitaccen halin yanzu da ƙarfin lantarki), dacewa (daidaitawa da manyan kamfanonin motoci), ayyukan kariya (tasha ta gaggawa/tasha ta laifuffuka), da sauransu. Duk da haka, masana'antun kaɗan ne ke mai da hankali kan tsarin sadarwa tsakanin tukwanen da ababen hawa, balle ko ya cika ƙa'idodin sadarwa masu dacewa. Kawai iya farawa da caji, sauran ba su da mahimmanci.

Idan ana sayar da samfurin a cikin gida kawai, babu buƙatar damuwa. A cikin takardar shaidar 3C ta China, GB/T27930 (Ka'idar Sadarwa ta Dijital tsakanin Caja Masu Gudanar da Motoci da Motocin Wutar Lantarki) ba lallai bane ya zama dole ga tashoshin caji kafin su sami takardar shaida.

Dokokin tashar caji ta Turai IEC 61851-24 2014/2023 Shafi na C ya bayyana a sarari cewa sadarwa mai inganci ta tashoshin caji na DC dole ne ta cika buƙatun DIN SPEC 70121:2014 ko ISO 15118-2:2014. Tabbas, duka biyun ana iya tallafawa.

Kan bindiga a ma'aunin ƙasa yana da layukan sigina daban-daban na CAN+ da CAN, kuma hanyar sadarwa da abin hawa da tarin ke amfani da ita ita ce sadarwa ta CAN. Kan bindiga na Turai ba shi da layin CAN, kuma sadarwa mai inganci tsakanin tashar caji ta Turai da abin hawa ana cimma ta ta hanyar haɗa sigina masu yawan mita zuwa layukan 12V, 1kHz CP da PE. Wannan hanyar sadarwa ana kiranta sadarwa ta Power Line Carrier (PLC).

Wahalar ci gaban yarjejeniyar don tashar caji ta Turai bisa ga sadarwa ta PLC ta fi ta sadarwa ta CAN girma, kuma babu kayan aiki da yawa na budewa da ake samu a kasuwa don tunani. Saboda haka, yawancin kamfanonin tara suna siyan kayan aikin SECC daban-daban (Supply Equipment Communication Controller) kai tsaye, suna tattara bayanan caji nasu ta hanyar siginar CAN sannan su aika su zuwa kayan aikin SECC, wanda daga nan zai yi magana da kayan aikin EVCC na abin hawa.

Duk da haka, siyan wani sashe na SECC daban shine mataki na farko kawai, kuma tabbatar da cewa wannan sashe ya cika buƙatun DIN SPEC 70121:2014 ko ISO 15118-2:2014 tare da haɗin gwiwar dukkan tarin kuɗi ne mai yawa.

Kudin da ake kashewa don gwaji ɗaya na DIN 70121 ko 15118 ta hanyar hukumar ba da takardar shaida gabaɗaya ya wuce yuan 100000, tare da takamaiman lokacin gwaji na 'yan kwanaki, kuma za a caji ƙarin kuɗi don wuce iyakokin lokacin. Aikin gwaji na 15118 zai ɗan fi na 70121 girma, kuma farashin zai kai kusan dubun-dubatar. Idan an yi duka biyun, farashin zai ninka.

Kamfanonin tara kaya na cikin gida za su iya la'antar hukumar bayar da takardar shaida ne kawai saboda rashin bin ƙa'ida yayin da suke biyan kuɗi, kuma za su iya amincewa da takardar shaidar CE ta Turai kawai. Yawancin kamfanonin tara kaya sun zaɓi tallafawa DIN 70121 ne kawai saboda dalili mai sauƙi: ya fi 15118 rahusa, kuma wahalar gwaji ta yi ƙasa, tare da yuwuwar kammalawa cikin ƙayyadadden adadin kwanaki.

A gaskiya ma, hukumar bayar da takardar shaida da ta gwada wannan yarjejeniya ita ma ta sami riba ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. Na'urar kwaikwayo don gwada wannan yarjejeniya - akwatin aljihun teburi tare da babban kwamfuta - tana kashe sama da yuan miliyan ɗaya, kusan farashin gidan birni na biyu, tare da kuɗin gyara software mai yawa na shekara-shekara da haɓakawa. Turai ce ta kafa yarjejeniyar kuma shirye-shiryen gwaji ne kawai za a iya siyan su. Hukumar bayar da takardar shaida ta kuma zargi masana'antar na'urar kwaikwayo da rashin gaskiya yayin da suke biyan kuɗi, in ba haka ba da ba za su sami damar gwada wannan aikin ba.

Kowa ba shi da zaɓi.

Duk da haka, kwanakin masu kyau sun kasance 'yan shekaru kaɗan kawai.

Tarayyar Turai ta fitar da Dokar Wakiltar Hukumar (EU) 2025/656 a watan Yunin 2025, wanda ya ƙara kuma ya yi gyara ga Dokar (EU) 2023/1804 kan caji mara waya, tsarin tituna na lantarki, da kuma samar da hydrogen ga motocin sufuri na hanya. Dokar (EU) 2023/1804, wacce aka fitar a shekarar 2023, an fi sani da Dokar Kayayyakin Man Fetur ta Madadin (AFIR). Manufarta muhimmiyar hanya ce da Tarayyar Turai ta gabatar don hanzarta sauyawa zuwa jigilar siginar da ba ta fitar da hayaki ba da kuma magance matsalar rashin isassun kayayyakin more rayuwa ga madadin mai kamar wutar lantarki da hydrogen. Babban burinta shine tilasta wa ƙasashe membobinta su inganta hanyoyin sadarwar kayayyakin more rayuwa don caji, sake mai, da sauran ayyuka ta hanyar dokoki, kawar da "damuwar" masu amfani game da kewayo da sake cika makamashi, da kuma tallafawa yaɗuwar manyan motocin lantarki (EVs), motocin hydrogen mai cell cell (FCEVs), da manyan motocin lantarki masu aiki da yawa.

A taƙaice dai, abin da kawai za ku sani shi ne cewa EU ta fitar da wani sabon tsari na Dokar Kayayyakin Man Fetur ta Madadin (AFIR), wanda ke da cikakken tasiri a shari'a kuma muhimmin abu ne da ya shafi dukkan ƙasashe membobinta.

A taƙaice, tarin DC na jama'a bayan 2026 dole ne su bi ƙa'idodin EN ISO 15118-2:2016, kuma bayan 2027, duk tarin DC da tarin AC na yanayin 3 dole ne su bi EN ISO 15118-20:2022.

A cikin iyalin tarin caji, wanda aka ajiye shi ne tarin caji na AC na yanayin 2. A China, wannan tarin caji na ɗaukuwa (IC-CPD) ana kiransa caji mai ɗaukuwa, tare da ƙarfin gabaɗaya na 3.7 kW. Bayanin da aka bayar a cikin REGULATION (EU) 2025/656 shine cewa tarin AC na yanayin 2 suna amfani da PWM, wanda ya isa ya goyi bayan ISO 15118-2 ko -20, kuma ba zai kawo wani ƙarin ƙima ga mai amfani ba.

Ga kamfanonin tara kaya na cikin gida, wannan doka ba ta da sauƙi. Bayan samun takardar shaidar DIN 70121, ya zama dole a tallafa wa 15118, wanda ke buƙatar tallafi ga duka ƙa'idodin 15118-2 da 15118-20. Kamfanoni da yawa ƙila ba su san bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin ƙa'idodin DIN 70121, ISO 15118-2, da ISO 15118-20 ba, da kuma manufar tallafawa su.

Labarin yana buƙatar farawa daga farko.

A farkon shekarar 2010, ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa ta Kwamitin Fasaha na IEC 69 ​​(TC69) da Kwamitin Fasaha na ISO 22 (TC22) sun fara haɗin gwiwa don haɓaka jerin ƙa'idodi na ISO 15118, da nufin magance matsalar daidaiton sadarwa tsakanin motocin lantarki da tashoshin caji.

Saboda yawan la'akari da ƙungiyar ma'aikata da kuma ƙarancin ingancin aiki na mutanen Turai, an riga an shirya ƙa'idodin jerin 15118 kuma ba a fitar da su a hukumance ba tukuna.

Amma kasuwa ba za ta iya jira ba. Musamman manyan motocin Jamus, suna fatan cimma nasarar cajin motocinsu na lantarki da wuri-wuri da kuma samun fa'idodi a kasuwa. Don haka, manyan kamfanonin Jamus sun haɗu kuma, a cikin tsarin DIN, sun fitar da wasu daga cikin abubuwan da suka tsufa da aka tattauna a cikin ISO 15118, kuma sun haɓaka ƙa'idar ƙasa ta Jamus wadda za a iya aiwatar da ita nan take. An fitar da DIN 70121 a cikin 2012 kuma an sabunta shi a cikin 2014. DIN 70122:2018 ƙa'idar gwaji ce da ke aiki da DIN 70121:2014.

Duk da haka, ma'aunin 15118 ya zo a makare kuma a hukumance ya fitar da sigar farko ne kawai a shekarar 2013. An fitar da takamaiman ka'idojin aikace-aikacensa da ƙa'idodin gwaji a hankali a cikin 2014 da 2018. Akwai jimillar littattafai biyar a cikin jerin ISO 15118, kuma alaƙar da ke tsakanin littattafai biyar kamar haka:

Saboda haka, ana iya ganin DIN 70121:2014 a matsayin sigar da aka sauƙaƙe ta ma'aunin ISO 15118. DIN 70121 yana goyan bayan caji na DC ne kawai, yayin da ma'aunin ISO 15118-1-5 zai iya tallafawa caji na AC da DC, da kuma ɓoye TLS, aikin Plug&Charge, da kuma caji mai wayo.

A shekarar 2022, ISO 15118 ta fitar da tsarin caji na ƙarni na biyu, wato ISO 15118-20:2022 kamar yadda aka ambata a baya. Idan aka kwatanta da 15118-2, tana kuma tallafawa ɓoye TLS1.3, VG (aikawa wutar lantarki zuwa grid), WPT (cajin mara waya), da kuma ayyukan ACD (na'urar haɗi ta atomatik) bisa ga asali. Hakanan tana da ƙa'idodin gwaji masu dacewa:

An fara yin amfani da DIN SPEC 70121 a matsayin mafita ta wucin gadi don tabbatar da cewa kasuwa ta yi aiki yadda ya kamata kafin a fitar da ISO 15118. Abin takaici, a cikin ainihin tsarin zaɓen sadarwa tsakanin tarin da abin hawa, koda lokacin da abin hawa da tarin ke tallafawa 70121 da 15118, kashi 90% na yanayin har yanzu suna dogara ne akan DIN 70121.

Baya ga fa'idar farko ta masu motsi na DIN 70121, ga yawancin motoci da tarin motoci, ba sa buƙatar wani aiki na gaba (TLS/PNC/VG/WPT, da sauransu), kawai suna son a caje su kawai.

Hukumar Tarayyar Turai tana da abubuwan da take la'akari da su.

An fara fitar da Umarnin 2014/94/EU kan tura kayayyakin more rayuwa na man fetur a matsayin madadin a shekarar 2014, lokacin da ba a riga an kafa shi ba, sai dai a matsayin umarni.

Umarnin ya bambanta da buƙatun da ake buƙata na ƙa'idoji, yana ƙayyade sakamakon da ake buƙatar cimmawa ne kawai, amma yana barin hanya da tsari na cimma sakamakon ga ikon gwamnatocin ƙasashe membobin. Umarnin ba shi da tasiri kai tsaye kuma yana buƙatar ƙasashe membobin su fassara abubuwan da ke cikin umarnin zuwa doka cikin takamaiman lokaci. Misali, Umarnin EU kan Kayayyakin Roba da Za a Iya Zubarwa/EU 2023/814 ya buƙaci ƙasashe membobin su tsara yadda ake amfani da wasu kayayyakin robobi da za a zubar, amma ko za a sanya haraji, hani, ko wasu matakai ya rage ga ƙasashe membobin su yanke shawara.

Umarnin Kayayyakin Sauya Man Fetur na 2014 ya kuma haɗa da buƙatun wuraren caji, tashoshin mai na hydrogen, tashoshin cika mai, da sauransu waɗanda za a cika su nan da 2020 da 2025, amma sun kasance marasa tabbas, kawai suna cewa ya kamata a sami "yawan ɗaukar hoto mai dacewa" ba tare da ƙimar manufa ba. Babu shakka, wannan ya ba ƙasashen Turai mambobi lokaci da 'yanci mai yawa, amma sakamakon bai kasance mai kyau ba. Lokacin da ake tsara tsare-tsaren manufofin ƙasa, ƙasashe suna da manufofi da ma'auni daban-daban, wanda ke haifar da rarrabuwar kawuna da rashin daidaito a cikin EU. Ƙasashen da ke da kyakkyawan ci gaba da shaharar motocin lantarki suna son saka hannun jari a zahiri, yayin da ƙasashen da ke da matsakaicin haɓaka motocin lantarki tabbas ba sa son ginawa. Kashe kuɗin masu biyan haraji na ƙasarsu don yin rigunan aure ga wasu ba lallai ba ne.

Bugu da ƙari, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, haɓaka sabbin motocin lantarki masu amfani da wutar lantarki ya kasance cikin sauri, inda China ke kan gaba. Yawan shigar motocin lantarki (trams, motocin haɗin gwiwa, da jiragen ƙasa masu tsayi) ya wuce kashi 50%. A bayyane yake cewa Turai tana baya da babban gibi, kuma mafi dalilin kai tsaye shine ƙarancin kayayyakin more rayuwa, yanayin caji na baya, da ayyukan caji masu rikitarwa, waɗanda ke shafar ƙwarewar tafiye-tafiyen mutane sosai.

Gaskiyar cewa DIN 70121, a matsayin yarjejeniyar canjin yanayi da aka ambata a baya, koyaushe ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin babban abin da ke haifar da caji, wata hujja ce bayyananniya.

Saboda haka, a cikin wannan mahallin, Hukumar Turai ta fahimci cewa ba za a iya jinkirta sabbin kayayyakin samar da makamashi ba. In ba haka ba, ba wai kawai za mu kasa cimma burin rage gurɓataccen iskar carbon na 2050 ba, har ma za mu faɗi a bayan China gaba ɗaya. Don haka a cikin 2023, an sabunta umarnin 2014/94/EU kuma an haɓaka shi zuwa ga buƙatun Dokar (EU) 2023/1804. An bayyana alamun a sarari a cikin Mataki na 3, da kuma kan hanyar sadarwa ta TEN-T:

A takaice dai, manyan hanyoyin mota a Tarayyar Turai suna buƙatar tashoshin caji, musamman tashoshin caji masu sauri masu ƙarfi.

Bayan da aka ƙayyade adadin da ƙarfin tashoshin caji dalla-dalla a cikin ƙa'idar 2023, Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta ji cewa bai isa ba. Motocin lantarki suna buƙatar tashoshin caji masu ƙarfi kawai, kuma akwai buƙatar tashoshin caji masu sauƙin amfani, masu sauƙin amfani, da kuma bayyanannu.

Ka yi tunanin tuƙa sabuwar motarka ta lantarki da farin ciki a Turai, kana caji cikin sauƙi a Faransa tare da biyan kuɗin QR mai sauƙi, saurin caji cikin sauri, da kuma biyan kuɗi. Amma bayan na je Girka, na gano cewa yanayin jikin kan bindigar ya tsufa kuma bai dace da sabuwar motarka ba. Na yi yawo a wurare da yawa na caji amma ban sami bindigar caji mai dacewa ba. Don haka ka je Bulgaria, wata ƙasa maƙwabciyar Girka, inda za ka iya saka bindiga, amma kana buƙatar amfani da na'urar POS don share katinka kuma ba ka goyon bayan biyan kuɗin QR. Ka yi matuƙar baƙin ciki saboda ba ka ɗauke da katin banki tare da kai ba kuma sauran nisan batirin motar bai wuce kilomita 20 ba. Abin takaici ne.

Domin magance wannan yanayi, ya zama dole a haɗa hanyar sadarwa ta zahiri da kuma hanyar sadarwa ta tashar caji.

A cikin Dokar (EU) 2025/656 kan kayayyakin more rayuwa na maye gurbin mai, an mayar da hankali kan ƙayyade cewa hanyoyin haɗin kai na sabbin tashoshin caji da aka sanya ko aka gyara dole ne su cika buƙatun IEC 62196-2:2022 da IEC 62196-3:2022, sai kuma buƙatun ISO 15118-2:2016 da ISO 15118-20:2022 kamar yadda aka ambata a sama.

Dalilin da ya sa aka zaɓi kada a yi amfani da DIN 70121 a matsayin ma'aunin sadarwa ba shi da wahala a yi tsammani.

DIN 70121 abu ne mai sauƙi, ba shi da ɓoye sirri mai tsaro yayin sadarwa, kuma baya goyan bayan aikin PNC (plug and play), wanda ke ƙara nauyi ga masu amfani kuma ba shi da daɗi sosai. Kuma tare da aikin PNC, masu amfani za su iya aiki kusan ba tare da tunani ba, toshe bindigar kuma kada su damu da komai - babu buƙatar goge katin, babu buƙatar duba lambar, babu buƙatar danna allon. Bayan caji, mai aiki zai aiko muku da bayanan lissafin ta atomatik.

Kuma nan da shekarar 2027, dukkan tarin AC da DC za su tallafa wa 15118-20 (galibi aikin VG), musamman don tsarin grid gaba ɗaya. Sabuwar motar lantarki mai amfani da makamashi ɗaya ba za ta zama babban abu ba, amma idan akwai motoci 100000 ko ma miliyoyin, makamashin da aka adana yana da yawa. Idan a lokacin yawan amfani da wutar lantarki, wani ɓangare na wutar lantarki na motar an mayar da shi grid, zai iya rage nauyin grid ɗin sosai ba tare da tura janareta da yawa ba. A cikin kwarin lantarki, makamashin da ya wuce kima daga grid ɗin wutar lantarki za a iya aika shi zuwa motoci ba tare da ɓatar da wutar lantarki ba. Tashoshin caji masu ƙarfin haɗin grid suna da mahimmanci musamman a wasu yankuna masu nisa na Turai, inda manyan hanyoyin samar da wutar lantarki suka dogara da iska da hasken rana. Waɗannan hanyoyin samar da makamashi suna da saurin lokaci kuma dole ne a adana su, in ba haka ba za a ɓata su.

A takaice, daga cikin dokokin da aka yi wa kwaskwarima kan kayayyakin more rayuwa na maye gurbin mai da aka fitar a shekarar 2025, za ku iya jin jajircewar Turai da gaggawa a sabbin cibiyoyin samar da makamashi. In ba haka ba, ba zai zama dole a aiwatar da shi a farkon shekarar 2026 ba, watanni shida bayan fitowarsa.

Tunda dai buƙatar dokoki ce, ba abin tsoro ba ne ga kowa, amma buƙatu ce ta gaske. A shafin yanar gizo na sa ido kan kayayyakin more rayuwa na maye gurbin mai na Turai, an jera cikakkun bayanai, wanda ke ba ku damar ganin ci gaban ginin kowace ƙasa a sarari da kuma a hankali.

Bayan an fitar da ƙa'idodin, ƙasashen Turai sun fara mayar da martani sosai. Faransa ta sanar a watan Nuwamba na 2025 cewa za ta samar da tallafin muhalli don siyan motocin lantarki masu zaman kansu; A watan Nuwamba na 2025, Jamus ta fitar da babban tsari don cajin kayayyakin more rayuwa nan da shekarar 2030, wanda ya yi daidai da Dokar Tarayyar Turai (AFIR) ta 2023/1804; A Italiya, tare da tallafin kupon, kason kasuwa na motocin lantarki za su tashi da kashi 12.2% ne kawai a shekarar 2025. A watan Disamba na 2025, ƙaramin tsibirin Cyprus da ke Turai yana shirin ware Yuro miliyan 4.5 don haɓaka motsi na lantarki.

Manyan kamfanonin kera motoci sun kuma fara ƙaddamar da samfuran da suka dace da 15118-20. Tsarin 2026 na tsohon kamfanin kera motoci na BMW iX3 yana goyan bayan aikin VG gaba ɗaya; Hyundai IONIQ, wacce ba ta da kyau a China, tana kuma shirin yin aiki tare da ƙaddamar da samfurin 15118-20 a 2026; kuma ana shirin samar da jerin motocin Mercedes Benz EQS da jerin motocin Volkswagen na ID.

Ga kamfanonin cikin gida da ke gudanar da harkokin fitar da kaya, ko kuna da niyyar ko ba ku da niyyar yin hakan, da kuma ko kuna da ikon haɓaka tsarin SECC da kanku, ISO 15118-2 da 15118-20 ƙa'idodi ne da ba za a iya kauce musu ba don fitarwa zuwa Turai.

A halin yanzu, bisa ga fahimtar marubucin, akwai ƙananan kamfanonin pile a kasuwa waɗanda ke tallafawa ISO 15118-2 plug and play charging (PNC mode), kuma kusan babu wani aikin caji mai kusurwa biyu wanda ke tallafawa ISO 15118-20.

Maimakon jira da kallo, ya fi kyau a yi shiri da wuri a kuma yi amfani da damar kasuwa. Kamar DIN 70121 da aka ambata a baya, an yi amfani da shi sosai shekaru da suka gabata.