Okusha Okujwayelekile I-EN ISO 15118-1 / 2 Yeziteshi zokushaja ze-EV

Izidingo Ezintsha Zeziteshi Zokushaja: EN ISO 15118-1 Standard

IKhomishini yaseYurophu ikhiphe isinqumo esizoba nomthelela omkhulu kubo bonke abakhiqizi bezimoto zikagesi kanye nengqalasizinda yokushaja. Kusukela ngonyaka ozayo, iziteshi zokushaja kumele zihambisane nochungechunge lwezindinganiso ze-ISO 15118. I-VDE Institute inikeze izinsizakalo eziningana zokuhlola ukuzivumelanisa nezimo futhi ithuthukisa izinqubo zokuhlola ezengeziwe ukuqinisekisa ukuhambisana nezindinganiso.

Kusukela ngoJanuwari 8, 2026, zonke izindawo zokushaja zomphakathi kumele zihlangabezane nezidingo zochungechunge lwezindinganiso ze-EN ISO 15118-1 kuya ku-5. Kusukela ngoJanuwari 1, 2027, ukusetshenziswa kwendinganiso ye-EN ISO 15118-20 kuzoba yimpoqo, okuhlanganisa neziteshi zokushaja ezisebenza ngasese noma zomphakathi. Lezi zindinganiso ziyisisekelo esiyinhloko sezici ezigxile esikhathini esizayo ezifana "nokuxhuma nokudlala," ukuxhumana okuphephile phakathi kwezimoto nezindawo zokushaja, kanye nokushaja okuqondiswayo (imoto iye kugridi).

Kusho ukuthini nge-EN ISO 15118-1/2 Standard?

I-VDE Testing and Certification Institute iphendule kusenesikhathi ezidingweni ezintsha zomthetho futhi okwamanje ithuthukisa izinqubo zokuhlola ezijwayelekile. Inhloso ukuhlinzeka ngezinsizakalo zokuhlola eziphelele kanye nezinsizakalo zokuqinisekisa ezithembekile kubakhiqizi beziteshi zokushaja ze-AC ne-DC kusukela esigabeni sokuqala, ngokusekelwe kumazinga e-ISO 15118, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imikhiqizo yabo iyahlangabezana nezimfuneko.

Izinsizakalo ze-VDE Institute ze-ISO 15118 zifaka phakathi ukusebenzisana kanye nokuhlolwa kokuhambisana kwengqalasizinda yokushaja, ukulungiswa kwemibiko yokuhlola ejwayelekile kanye nezitifiketi zokuhambisana, kanye nokuhlolwa kokuhlanganiswa kwezici ezintsha ezifana ne-plug-and-play kanye ne-V2G.

Imithethonqubo yaseYurophu yenqwaba yokushaja, i-IEC 61851-24:2014/2023 Annex C, sekuyisikhathi eside isho ngokusobala ukuthi ukuxhumana kwezinga eliphezulu kwamanqwaba okushaja e-DC kumele kuhambisane ne-DIN SPEC 70121:2014 noma i-ISO 15118-2:2014 (kungaba eyodwa noma zombili zingasekelwa).

Lesi sidingo siletha inselele kwezinye izinkampani zasekhaya ezifaka inqwaba yokushaja.

Umehluko wokuxhumana ngokomzimba ukhona. Indinganiso yaseYurophu isebenzisa isikhombimsebenzisi se-CCS2 (Combined Charging System 2), lapho amasokhethi okufaka e-AC ne-DC abelana khona ngesikhombimsebenzisi esisodwa; indinganiso yaseShayina isebenzisa isikhombimsebenzisi seSistimu B, ihlukanisa okufakwayo kwe-AC ne-DC. Lo mehluko ungaxazululwa ngokunamathela ngokuqinile endinganisweni ye-IEC 62196 (ecacisa ngokucacile ubukhulu bomzimba nezidingo zokusebenza), okwenza kube lula kakhulu ngokobuchwepheshe.

Indlela yokuxhumana iyahluka. Lesi yisithiyo esiyinhloko sobuchwepheshe. I-nozzle yokushaja ejwayelekile yaseShayina inemigqa yesignali ye-CAN+ ne-CAN ehlukene, futhi ukuxhumana kwenqwaba yokushaja imoto kusebenzisa ukuxhumana kwe-CAN; kuyilapho i-nozzle yokushaja ejwayelekile yaseYurophu ingenayo intambo ye-CAN, isebenzisa i-PLC (Power Line Communication), ihlanganisa isignali yemvamisa ephezulu nesignali yokuguquguquka kwe-pulse width engu-12V, 1kHz PWM phakathi kwemigqa ye-CP ne-PE. Uma kuqhathaniswa nokuxhumana kwe-CAN, ukuthuthukiswa kwephrothokholi yokuxhumana ye-PLC kunzima kakhulu, futhi imibhalo evulekile ayitholakali. Ngakho-ke, izinkampani eziningi zenqwaba yokushaja zithenga amamojula ahlukene e-SECC (Supply Equipment Communication Controller), zipakisha ulwazi lwazo lokushaja ngamasignali e-CAN bese ziluthumela kumojula we-SECC, bese ixhumana nemojula ye-EVCC (EV Communication Controller) yemoto.

Kodwa-ke, ukuthenga noma ukuthuthukisa imojuli yakho ye-SECC kuyisinyathelo sokuqala nje. Ngemva kokuba imojuli ye-SECC ifakiwe enqwabeni yokushaja, kusadingeka kufakazelwe ukuthi imojuli, uma isetshenziswa nayo yonke inqwaba yokushaja, ihambisana nezidingo ze-DIN SPEC 70121:2014 noma ze-ISO 15118-2:2014 ezijwayelekile zaseYurophu.

Ukuze kongiwe izindleko, izinkampani eziningi zokushaja inqwaba zikhetha ukusekela i-DIN SPEC 70121 kuphela ngoba ukuthenga amamojula e-SECC kushibhile futhi kulula ukuwahlola.

Yimiphi umehluko oyinhloko phakathi kwezindinganiso ze-DIN 70121 kanye nochungechunge lwe-ISO 15118 lwama-DC charging piles?

Ukusekela nje i-DIN 70121 akusanele ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zakamuva ze-EU.

I-EU yashicilela i-COMMISSION DELEGATED REGULATION (EU) 2025/656 ngoJuni 2025. Lo mthetho uyisithasiselo kanye nokulungiswa kwe-REGULATION (EU) 2023/1804 mayelana nokushaja okungenantambo, izinhlelo zemigwaqo kagesi, kanye nokunikezwa kwe-hydrogen kwezimoto zokuthutha emgwaqweni. Ekhishwe ngo-2023, i-REGULATION (EU) 2023/1804, eyaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi i-Alternative Fuel Infrastructure Regulation (AFIR), iwumthethonqubo wenqubomgomo oyinhloko owethulwe yi-European Union ukusheshisa ukushintshela ekuthuthweni okungenawo ugesi futhi kulungiswe ukuntuleka kwengqalasizinda kaphethiloli ehlukile (ugesi, i-hydrogen, njll.). Inhloso yayo ukugunyaza amazwe angamalungu ukuthi athuthukise amanethiwekhi awo engqalasizinda yokushaja nokugcwalisa uphethiloli ngomthetho, ukunciphisa ukukhathazeka kwabasebenzisi mayelana nobubanzi kanye nokugcwalisa uphethiloli, kanye nokusekela ukwamukelwa okukhulu kwezimoto zikagesi (ama-EV), izimoto zamaseli kaphethiloli e-hydrogen (ama-FCEV), kanye namaloli kagesi asindayo.

Ngamafuphi, i-EU ikhiphe inguqulo ebuyekeziwe ye-Alternative Fuel Infrastructure Regulation (AFIR), enamandla aphelele omthetho, okuyimpoqo, futhi esebenza ngqo kuwo wonke amazwe angamalungu.

Ukubuyekezwa okubalulekile kufaka phakathi: Ngemva kukaJanuwari 8, 2026, zonke iziteshi zokushaja ezifinyeleleka emphakathini futhi ezisanda kufakwa noma ezivuselelwe, kufaka phakathi iziteshi zokushaja ze-AC ne-DC, kumele okungenani zihambisane nezidingo ze-EN ISO 15118-2:2016. Ngemva kukaJanuwari 1, 2027, zonke iziteshi zokushaja ezisesizindeni somphakathi ezisanda kufakwa noma ezivuselelwe, kufaka phakathi ama-pile okushaja e-AC ne-DC, kumele okungenani zihambisane ne-EN ISO 15118-20:2022. Uma isiteshi sokushaja sinikeza izinsizakalo zokuqinisekisa kanye nokugunyazwa okuzenzakalelayo, njenge-PNC (i-plug-and-charge), kumele sihambisane ne-EN ISO 15118-2:2016 kanye ne-EN ISO 15118-20:2022 ejwayelekile. Ngemva kukaJanuwari 1, 2027, zonke izindawo zokushaja ezindaweni zokushaja ezizimele ezisanda kufakwa noma ezivuselelwe, zama-Mode 2 AC amashaja, kumele zihambisane ne-EN IEC 61851-1:2019; Kuma-pile okushaja e-Mode 3 AC kanye nama-pile okushaja e-Mode 4 DC, kumele ahambisane ne-EN ISO 15118-20:2022. Ngamafuphi, zonke iziteshi zokushaja zomphakathi ze-DC ezintsha noma ezilungisiwe ezifakwe ngemva kuka-2026 kumele zihambisane ne-EN ISO 15118-2:2016. Zonke iziteshi zokushaja ze-DC ezintsha noma ezilungisiwe kanye neziteshi zokushaja ze-Mode 3 AC ezifakwe ngemva kuka-2027 kumele nazo zihambisane ne-EN ISO 15118-20:2022.

Ngaphakathi komndeni weziteshi zokushaja, ama-IC-CPD e-Mode 2 kuphela angaphandle kobubanzi balo myalelo. E-China, lezi ziteshi zokushaja eziphathwayo zibizwa ngokuthi “amashaja afakwe emotweni,” kanti eYurophu, amandla azo ngokuvamile awadluli ku-3.7kW. I-REGULATION (EU) 2025/656 ichaza ukuthi i-PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) yanele iziteshi zokushaja ze-Mode 2 AC, isekela i-ISO 15118-2 noma i-20, futhi ayilethi noma yiliphi inani elengeziwe kumsebenzisi wokugcina.

Ezinkampanini zeziteshi zokushaja zasekhaya, lo mthetho omusha ungase udale izithiyo ezinkulu zobuchwepheshe. Ekuqaleni, ukuthobela i-DIN 70121 kwakudingeka, kodwa ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, ukusekelwa kwe-ISO 15118 kwadingeka; ukusekelwa kwe-ISO 15118-2 kanye ne-ISO 15118-20 nakho kwakudingeka. Ezinye izinkampani zenqwaba yokushaja ezazifuna ukwandisa kwamanye amazwe zazingajwayelene nalezi zindinganiso futhi kwakudingeka ziqonde umehluko phakathi kwe-DIN SPEC 70121, ISO 15118-2, kanye ne-ISO 15118-20, kanye nenhloso yokuzisekela. Kungani kunezindinganiso eziningi kangaka zokuxhumana ngenqwaba yokushaja izimoto eYurophu?

Ukuthuthukiswa Kwezindinganiso Zochungechunge lwe-ISO 15118: Kusukela Esixazululweni Esishintshayo Kuya Ekubalweni Komhlaba Wonke

Ekuqaleni kuka-2010, iqembu elihlangene lokusebenza leKomidi Lobuchwepheshe le-IEC 69 ​​(TC69) kanye neKomidi Lobuchwepheshe le-ISO 22 (TC22) laqala ukubambisana ezindinganisweni zochungechunge lwe-ISO 15118, linethemba lokuxazulula inkinga yokuxhumana okuhlangene phakathi kwezimoto zikagesi kanye nezinqwaba zokushaja. Ngenxa yokuthi iqembu elisebenzayo lacabangela uhla olubanzi lwezinkinga futhi lihlose inguqulo enkulu, ehambisanayo, isikhathi sokulungiselela amazinga ochungechunge lwe-ISO 15118 sasiside kakhulu, futhi ukukhishwa kwayo okusemthethweni kwabambezeleka.

Kodwa imakethe ayikwazanga ukulinda. Abakhiqizi bezimoto baseJalimane, ikakhulukazi, balangazelela ukuthi izimoto zabo zikagesi zifinyelele ingqalasizinda yokushaja evamile ngokushesha okukhulu ukuze bathole inzuzo emakethe. Ngakho-ke, ababambiqhaza embonini yaseJalimane bahlangene, futhi ngaphakathi kohlaka lwe-DIN, bakhipha izici ezivuthiwe ezingxoxweni ze-ISO 15118 ukuze bathuthukise indinganiso kazwelonke yaseJalimane engasetshenziswa ngokushesha. I-DIN SPEC 70121 yanyatheliswa ngo-2012; yabuyekezwa ngo-2014; kanye nendinganiso yayo yokuhlola, i-DIN SPEC 70122:2018, yanyatheliswa ngo-2018.

Izinga le-ISO 15118 lakhishwa sekwephuzile, kanti inguqulo yokuqala yashicilelwa ngokusemthethweni ngo-2013. Izindinganiso ezithile zesendlalelo sesicelo kanye nezindinganiso zokuhlola zakhishwa kamuva ngo-2014 nango-2018. I-ISO 15118 uchungechunge olukhulu lwezindinganiso oluthuthuke ngokushesha. Isizukulwane sokuqala sezindinganiso ezihlobene nokushaja okuqhubayo sihlanganisa izindinganiso ezinhlanu ezilandelayo: ISO 15118-1 (Izidingo Ezijwayelekile kanye Nezincazelo Zecala Lokusetshenziswa), ISO 15118-2 (Izidingo Zephrothokholi Yesendlalelo Sesicelo), ISO 15118-3 (Izidingo Zesendlalelo Sesitho kanye Nesixhumanisi Sedatha), ISO 15118-4 (Izincazelo Zokuhlolwa Kwesendlalelo Sesicelo), kanye ne-ISO 15118-5 (Izincazelo Zokuhlolwa Kwesendlalelo Sesitho). I-DIN SPEC 70121:2014 ingabonakala njengenguqulo elula ye-ISO 15118-2/3. I-DIN SPEC 70121 isekela kuphela ukushaja kwe-DC, kuyilapho amazinga e-ISO 15118-1 kuya ku-5 esekela kokubili ukushaja kwe-AC ne-DC ngasikhathi sinye, futhi isekela nokubethela kwe-TLS, ukusebenza kwe-plug-and-charge (PNC), kanye nokushaja okuhlakaniphile.

Ngo-2022, uchungechunge lwe-ISO 15118 lukhiphe indinganiso yalo yokushaja yesizukulwane sesibili, okuyi-ISO 15118-20:2022, okukhulunywe ngayo ngenhla. Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-ISO 15118-2, luphinde lusekele ukubethela kwe-TLS 1.3, i-V2G (imoto-kuya-kugridi), i-WPT (ukushaja okungenantambo), kanye ne-ACD (idivayisi yokuxhuma okuzenzakalelayo), futhi lunezindinganiso zokuhlola ezihambisanayo: Ukuhlolwa Okuvamile kwe-15118-21, Ukuhlolwa Okuqondile kwe-DC 15118-23, Ukuhlolwa Okuqondile kwe-AC 15118-22 (okungakakhishwa), Ukuhlolwa Okuqondile kwe-ACD 15118-24 (okungakakhishwa), kanye nokuhlolwa Okuqondile kwe-WPT 15118-25 (okungakakhishwa). I-DIN SPEC 70121 yadalwa ekuqaleni njengesixazululo sesikhashana sokusekela intuthuko esheshayo yemakethe yezimoto zikagesi ngaphambi kokukhishwa kwe-ISO 15118. Kodwa-ke, ekukhetheni kwangempela kokuxhumana phakathi kweziteshi zokushaja nezimoto, noma ngabe zombili izimoto nesiteshi sokushaja zisekela i-DIN SPEC 70121 kanye ne-ISO 15118, i-DIN SPEC 70121 isabusa ezimweni eziningi. Ngaphandle kwenzuzo yokuqala ye-DIN SPEC 70121, ukuntuleka kwamacala okusetshenziswa aphezulu nayinkimbinkimbi (TLS/PNC/V2G/WPT, njll.) yisona sizathu esibaluleke kakhulu.

Kungani umthetho omusha wengqalasizinda ehlukile kaphethiloli manje udinga ukwesekwa okugcwele kwe-ISO 15118-2 kanye ne-ISO 15118-20?

Umqondo oyisisekelo wokukhuthazwa okuphoqelekile kwe-EU kwezindinganiso zochungechunge lwe-ISO 15118

IKhomishini yaseYurophu inezinqubomgomo zezimboni ezicatshangelwayo.

Ingqalasizinda ehlukile kaphethiloli (Isiqondiso 2014/94/EU mayelana nokufakwa kwengqalasizinda kaphethiloli ehlukile) yanyatheliswa okokuqala ngo-2014, kodwa kwakungeyona imithetho ngaleso sikhathi, kwakuwumyalelo kuphela.

Iziqondiso zihlukile emithethweni ephoqelekile ngoba zichaza kuphela imiphumela okufanele ifinyelelwe, kodwa azibali ngokucacile izidingo, okuvumela amazwe angamalungu ukuthi athuthukise ngokuzimela izindlela zokusebenzisa.

Isibonelo, isiqondiso sengqalasizinda ehlukile kaphethiloli sika-2014 sasihlanganisa nezidingo zezindawo zokushaja, iziteshi zokugcwalisa i-hydrogen, kanye neziteshi zokugcwalisa igesi, kodwa sathi kuphela kufanele zibe "nobuningi obufanele bokumboza," ngaphandle kokucacisa imigomo yezinombolo, okuholela ekuqhekekeni nasekuthuthukisweni okungalingani kwengqalasizinda kulo lonke elase-EU. Amazwe anezinhlelo zezimoto zikagesi (EV) ezithuthukisiwe kahle futhi ezisabalele ngokwemvelo azimisele kakhulu ukutshala imali, kuyilapho lawo anentuthuko ye-EV ehamba kancane ethuthuka kancane. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, intuthuko ye-EV yomhlaba wonke ibishesha (ukungena kwe-EV eShayina kudlule u-50%), kodwa eYurophu, ingqalasizinda yokushaja ebuthakathaka kanye nemisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi kuholele ekuhlangenwe nakho okungekuhle kwabasebenzisi be-EV, okuvimbela ukushintshela ekuthuthweni kwe-zero-carbon.

I-DIN SPEC 70121, njengesivumelwano sesikhashana, ibilokhu isebenza njengendinganiso yokushaja ejwayelekile, okuwubufakazi balokhu.

IKhomishini yaseYurophu yaqaphela isidingo sokusheshisa ukwakhiwa kwengqalasizinda entsha yamandla; ngaphandle kwalokho, bekungeke nje kube nzima ukufeza imigomo yokunciphisa ikhabhoni ka-2050 kodwa futhi bekungeke kube nzima ukufeza imigomo yokunciphisa ikhabhoni ka-2050 kodwa futhi kusale ngemuva emncintiswaneni embonini yamandla yezimoto neyasatshalaliswa. Ukuze kuguqulwe lesi simo, i-EU yathuthukisa i-Directive 2014/94/EU ibe yimithethonqubo (UMTHETHO (EU) 2023/1804) ngo-2023, ibala ngokucacile inhloso: ngo-2025, isiteshi sokushaja esinamandla aphelele okungenani angu-400kW kumele sifakwe njalo ngamakhilomitha angu-60. Lesi siteshi sokushaja kumele sifake okungenani inqwaba yokushaja enamandla angu-150kW noma ngaphezulu. Ngo-2027: Isidingo samandla esiphelele seziteshi zokushaja ngamakhilomitha angu-60 sizokhuphuka sibe ngu-600kW, futhi kumele sifake okungenani isiteshi sokushaja esisodwa esinamandla aphuma ku-150kW noma ngaphezulu.

IKhomishini yaseYurophu inezinqubomgomo zezimboni ezisetshenziswayo.

Isiqondiso mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwengqalasizinda kaphethiloli ehlukile (Isiqondiso 2014/94/EU) sakhishwa okokuqala ngo-2014, ekuqaleni njengesiqondiso kunokuba kube umthethonqubo.

Ngokungafani nezidingo eziphoqelekile zemithethonqubo, iziqondiso zichaza imiphumela efiselekayo ngaphandle kokuyibala ngokucacile, okuvumela amazwe angamalungu ukuthi athuthukise izindlela zawo zokusebenzisa.

Isibonelo, i-Directive ka-2014 mayelana ne-Alternative Fuel Infrastructure iphinde yachaza izidingo zezindawo zokushaja, iziteshi zokugcwalisa i-hydrogen, kanye neziteshi zokugcwalisa i-CNG, kodwa yasho kuphela "ubuningi bokumboza obufanele" ngaphandle kokucacisa izibalo eziqondile. Lokhu kwaholela ekuqhekekeni nasekuthuthukisweni okungalingani kwengqalasizinda kulo lonke i-EU. Amazwe anokuthuthukiswa kwezimoto zikagesi okuthuthukile nokusabalele azimisele kakhulu ukutshala imali, kuyilapho amazwe anokuthuthukiswa kwezimoto zikagesi okuhamba kancane ethuthuka kancane. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, imakethe yezimoto zikagesi zomhlaba wonke (i-EV) ithuthuke ngokushesha (ukungena kwe-EV eShayina kudlule u-50%). Kodwa-ke, eYurophu, ingqalasizinda yokushaja ebuthakathaka kanye nokusebenza okuyinkimbinkimbi kuholele ekubeni abasebenzisi be-EV bangabi nakho okuhle, okuvimbela ukushintshela ekuthuthweni kwe-zero-carbon.

I-DIN SPEC 70121, njengesivumelwano sesikhashana, ibilokhu isebenza njengendinganiso yokushaja ejwayelekile, okuwubufakazi balokhu.

IKhomishini yaseYurophu yaqaphela isidingo sokusheshisa ukwakhiwa kwengqalasizinda entsha yamandla; ngaphandle kwalokho, bekungeke nje kube nzima ukufeza imigomo yokunciphisa ikhabhoni ka-2050 kodwa futhi bekungeke kube nzima ukufeza imigomo yokunciphisa ikhabhoni ka-2050 kodwa futhi kusale ngemuva emncintiswaneni embonini yamandla yezimoto neyasatshalaliswa. Ukuze kuguqulwe lesi simo, i-EU yathuthukisa i-Directive 2014/94/EU ibe yimithethonqubo (UMTHETHO (EU) 2023/1804) ngo-2023, ibala ngokucacile imigomo: Ngo-2025: isiteshi sokushaja esinamandla aphelele okungenani angu-400kW kumele sifakwe njalo ngamakhilomitha angu-60. Lesi siteshi sokushaja kumele sibe okungenani inqwaba eyodwa yokushaja engu-150kW noma ngaphezulu. Ngo-2027: imfuneko yamandla ephelele yeziteshi zokushaja njalo ngamakhilomitha angu-60 izokhuphuka ibe ngu-600kW, futhi kumele ifake okungenani inqwaba eyodwa yokushaja engu-150kW noma ngaphezulu.