UMgangatho oMtsha we-EN ISO 15118-1 / 2 weZitishi zokuTshaja ze-EV

Iimfuno Ezintsha Zezikhululo Zokutshaja: EN ISO 15118-1 Standard

IKhomishini yaseYurophu ikhuphe isigqibo esiya kuba nefuthe elikhulu kubo bonke abavelisi bezithuthi zombane kunye neziseko zokutshaja. Ukususela kunyaka ozayo, izikhululo zokutshaja kufuneka zithobele uthotho lwemigangatho ye-ISO 15118. I-VDE Institute ibonelele ngeenkonzo ezininzi zovavanyo lokuziqhelanisa kwaye iphuhlisa iinkqubo zovavanyo ezininzi ukuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kwemigangatho.

Ukususela nge-8 kaJanuwari 2026, zonke iindawo zokutshaja zikawonke-wonke kufuneka zihlangabezane neemfuno zoluhlu lwemigangatho ye-EN ISO 15118-1 ukuya kwi-5. Ukususela nge-1 kaJanuwari 2027, ukuphunyezwa komgangatho we-EN ISO 15118-20 kuya kuba yimfuneko, kuquka nezikhululo zokutshaja ezisebenza ngasese okanye ezisebenza kancinci esidlangalaleni. Le migangatho sisiseko esiphambili seempawu ezijolise kwixesha elizayo ezifana "nokuxhuma nokudlala," unxibelelwano olukhuselekileyo phakathi kwezithuthi neendawo zokutshaja, kunye nokutshaja kwicala eliphakathi (ukusuka kwisithuthi ukuya kwigridi).

Ithini intsingiselo ye-EN ISO 15118-1/2 Standard?

I-VDE Testing and Certification Institute iphendule kwangethuba kwiimfuno ezintsha zomthetho kwaye okwangoku iphuhlisa iinkqubo zovavanyo ezisemgangathweni. Injongo kukubonelela ngeenkonzo zovavanyo olupheleleyo kunye neziqinisekiso ezithembekileyo kubavelisi bezikhululo zokutshaja ze-AC kunye ne-DC ukususela kwinqanaba lokuqala, ngokusekelwe kumgangatho we-ISO 15118, ukuqinisekisa ukuba iimveliso zabo ziyahlangabezana neemfuno.

Iinkonzo ze-VDE Institute ze-ISO 15118 ziquka ukusebenzisana kunye novavanyo lokuhambelana kweziseko zokutshaja, ukulungiswa kweengxelo zovavanyo ezisemgangathweni kunye nezatifikethi zokuhambelana, kunye novavanyo lokuhlanganiswa kweempawu ezintsha ezifana ne-plug-and-play kunye ne-V2G.

Imithetho yaseYurophu yemiqolo yokutshaja, i-IEC 61851-24:2014/2023 Annex C, sele icacisile ukuba unxibelelwano oluphezulu lweemiqolo zokutshaja ze-DC kufuneka luhambelane ne-DIN SPEC 70121:2014 okanye i-ISO 15118-2:2014 (nokuba yeyiphi okanye zombini zinokuxhaswa).

Le mfuneko inika umngeni kwezinye iinkampani zokutshaja iinqwaba zasekhaya.

Kukho umahluko kwi-interface ebonakalayo. Umgangatho waseYurophu usebenzisa i-interface ye-CCS2 (i-Combined Charging System 2), apho ii-sockets zokufaka ze-AC kunye ne-DC zabelana nge-interface enye; umgangatho waseTshayina usebenzisa i-interface ye-System B, eyahlula ii-AC kunye nee-DC inputs. Lo mahluko ungasonjululwa ngokunamathela ngokungqongqo kwi-standard ye-IEC 62196 (echaza ngokucacileyo ubungakanani bomzimba kunye neemfuno zokusebenza), okwenza kube lula kakhulu ngokwetekhnoloji.

Indlela yonxibelelwano yahlukile. Le yingxaki ephambili yetekhnoloji. I-nozzle yokutshaja eqhelekileyo yaseTshayina inemigca eyahlukeneyo ye-CAN+ kunye ne-CAN-signal, kwaye unxibelelwano lwenqwaba yokutshaja yesithuthi lusebenzisa unxibelelwano lwe-CAN; ngelixa i-nozzle yokutshaja eqhelekileyo yaseYurophu ingenayo i-CAN line, isebenzisa i-PLC (Power Line Communication), idibanisa isignali ye-high-frequency ukuya kwisignali ye-12V, 1kHz PWM low-frequency pulse width modulation phakathi kwemigca ye-CP kunye ne-PE. Xa kuthelekiswa nonxibelelwano lwe-CAN, uphuhliso lweprotocol yonxibelelwano lwe-PLC lunzima ngakumbi, kwaye amaxwebhu avulelekileyo anqabile. Ke ngoko, iinkampani ezininzi zenqwaba yokutshaja zithenga iimodyuli ezahlukeneyo ze-SECC (Supply Equipment Communication Controller), zipakisha ulwazi lwazo lokutshaja ngemiqondiso ye-CAN kwaye ziyithumele kwimodyuli ye-SECC, ethi emva koko inxibelelane nemodyuli ye-EVCC (EV Communication Controller) yesithuthi.

Nangona kunjalo, ukuthenga okanye ukuphuhlisa imodyuli yakho ye-SECC linyathelo lokuqala nje kuphela. Emva kokuba imodyuli ye-SECC ifakwe kwinqwaba yokutshaja, kusafuneka kuqinisekiswe ukuba imodyuli, xa isetyenziswa kunye nenqwaba yokutshaja yonke, iyahambelana neemfuno ze-DIN SPEC 70121:2014 okanye ze-ISO 15118-2:2014 ezisemgangathweni waseYurophu.

Ukuze kongiwe iindleko, iinkampani ezininzi zokutshaja iinqwaba zikhetha ukuxhasa i-DIN SPEC 70121 kuphela kuba ukuthenga iimodyuli ze-SECC kubiza kancinci kwaye kulula ukuzivavanya.

Zithini umahluko ophambili phakathi kwemigangatho ye-DIN 70121 kunye nothotho lwe-ISO 15118 lwee-DC charging piles?

Ukuxhasa nje i-DIN 70121 akwanelanga ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zamva nje ze-EU.

I-EU ipapashe uMthetho-siseko oNikezelweyo we-COMMISSION DELEGATED REGULATION (EU) 2025/656 ngoJuni 2025. Lo mthetho uyisihlomelo kunye nohlengahlengiso kwi-REGULATION (EU) 2023/1804 malunga nokutshaja ngaphandle kweengcingo, iinkqubo zombane zendlela, kunye nobonelelo lwe-hydrogen kwizithuthi zothutho lwendlela. Ikhutshwe ngo-2023, i-REGULATION (EU) 2023/1804, eyaziwa kakhulu ngokuba yi-Alternative Fuel Infrastructure Regulation (AFIR), ngumgaqo-nkqubo ophambili owaziswa yi-European Union ukukhawulezisa utshintsho oluya ekuthuthweni okungenakukhutshwa komoya kunye nokujongana nokungoneli kweziseko zophuhliso zamafutha (umbane, i-hydrogen, njl.njl.). Injongo yayo kukuyalela amazwe angamalungu ukuba aphucule uthungelwano lwawo lweziseko zophuhliso zokutshaja kunye nokugcwalisa ipetroli ngokusebenzisa umthetho, ukunciphisa ixhala labasebenzisi malunga nomgama kunye nokugcwalisa ipetroli, kunye nokuxhasa ukwamkelwa okukhulu kwezithuthi zombane (ii-EV), izithuthi ze-hydrogen fuel cell (ii-FCEV), kunye neelori zombane ezinzima.

Ngamafutshane, i-EU ikhuphe inguqulelo ehlaziyiweyo yoMgaqo weZiseko zoPhuhliso lweFuel (i-AFIR), onegunya elipheleleyo lomthetho, oyimfuneko, kwaye usebenza ngokuthe ngqo kuwo onke amazwe angamalungu.

Uhlaziyo olubalulekileyo luquka: Emva komhla wesi-8 kuJanuwari 2026, zonke izikhululo zokutshaja ezifikelelekayo kuluntu kwaye zisandula ukufakwa okanye ukuhlaziywa, kuquka izikhululo zokutshaja ze-AC kunye ne-DC, kufuneka ubuncinane zihambelane neemfuno ze-EN ISO 15118-2:2016. Emva komhla woku-1 kuJanuwari 2027, zonke izikhululo zokutshaja ezikwindawo kawonke-wonke ezisandula ukufakwa okanye ukuhlaziywa, kuquka iipali zokutshaja ze-AC kunye ne-DC, kufuneka ubuncinane zihambelane ne-EN ISO 15118-20:2022. Ukuba isikhululo sokutshaja sinika iinkonzo zokuqinisekisa ngokuzenzekelayo kunye nokugunyaziswa, ezifana ne-PNC (iplagi kunye netshaja), kufuneka sihambelane ne-EN ISO 15118-2:2016 kunye ne-EN ISO 15118-20:2022 esemgangathweni. Emva komhla woku-1 kuJanuwari 2027, zonke iindawo zokutshaja kwiindawo zokutshaja zabucala ezisandula ukufakwa okanye ukuhlaziywa, kwiindawo zokutshaja ze-Mode 2 AC, kufuneka zihambelane ne-EN IEC 61851-1:2019; Kwiipali zokutshaja zeMode 3 AC kunye neepali zokutshaja zeMode 4 DC, kufuneka zithobele i-EN ISO 15118-20:2022. Ngamafutshane, zonke izikhululo zokutshaja zeDC zikawonke-wonke ezintsha okanye ezihlaziyiweyo ezifakwe emva kowama-2026 kufuneka zithobele i-EN ISO 15118-2:2016. Zonke izikhululo zokutshaja zeDC ezintsha okanye ezihlaziyiweyo kunye nezikhululo zokutshaja zeMode 3 AC ezifakwe emva kowama-2027 nazo mazithobele i-EN ISO 15118-20:2022.

Ngaphakathi kusapho lwezikhululo zokutshaja, ziiMode 2 IC-CPD kuphela ezingaphandle komlinganiselo walo myalelo. ETshayina, ezi zikhululo zokutshaja eziphathwayo zibizwa ngokuba “ziitshaja ezifakwe kwizithuthi,” kwaye eYurophu, amandla azo aqhele ukugqitha i-3.7kW. UMGAQO (EU) 2025/656 uchaza ukuba iPWM (Pulse Width Modulation) yanele kwizikhululo zokutshaja zeMode 2 AC, exhasa i-ISO 15118-2 okanye i-20, kwaye ayizisi naliphi na ixabiso elongezelelweyo kumsebenzisi wokugqibela.

Kwiinkampani zezikhululo zokutshaja zasekhaya, lo mthetho mtsha usenokudala imiqobo ebalulekileyo kwezobuchwepheshe. Ekuqaleni, ukuthobela i-DIN 70121 kwakufuneka, kodwa kungekudala emva koko, inkxaso ye-ISO 15118 yayiyimfuneko; inkxaso ye-ISO 15118-2 kunye ne-ISO 15118-20 nayo yayifuneka. Ezinye iinkampani zenqwaba yokutshaja ezifuna ukwandisa phesheya zazingazi ngale migangatho kwaye kwakufuneka ziqonde umahluko phakathi kwe-DIN SPEC 70121, i-ISO 15118-2, kunye ne-ISO 15118-20, kunye nenjongo yokuxhasa. Kutheni kukho imigangatho emininzi kangaka yonxibelelwano lweenqwaba zokutshaja izithuthi eYurophu?

Utshintsho lweMigangatho yoLuhlu lwe-ISO 15118: Ukusuka kwiSombululo esiTshintshisayo ukuya kwiBenchmark yeHlabathi

Ekuqaleni kowama-2010, iqela elidibeneyo elisebenzayo leKomiti yoBugcisa ye-IEC 69 ​​(TC69) kunye neKomiti yoBugcisa ye-ISO 22 (TC22) laqala ukusebenzisana kwimigangatho yochungechunge lwe-ISO 15118, linethemba lokusombulula ingxaki yonxibelelwano oludibeneyo phakathi kwezithuthi zombane kunye neenqwaba zokutshaja. Ngenxa yokuba iqela elisebenzayo liqwalasele uluhlu olubanzi lwemiba kwaye lijolise kwinguqulelo enkulu, ehambelanayo, ixesha lokulungiselela imigangatho yochungechunge lwe-ISO 15118 lalide kakhulu, kwaye ukukhutshwa kwayo ngokusemthethweni kwalibaziseka.

Kodwa imakethi ayizange ikwazi ukulinda. Abenzi beemoto baseJamani, ngakumbi, balangazelela ukuba izithuthi zabo zombane zifikelele kwiziseko zokutshaja ezifanayo ngokukhawuleza ukuze bafumane inzuzo kwimakethi. Ngenxa yoko, abachaphazelekayo kushishino lwaseJamani bamanyene, kwaye ngaphakathi kwesakhelo se-DIN, bakhuphe iinkalo ezivuthiweyo kwiingxoxo ze-ISO 15118 ukuze baphuhlise umgangatho wesizwe waseJamani onokusetyenziswa ngoko nangoko. I-DIN SPEC 70121 yapapashwa ngo-2012; yahlaziywa ngo-2014; kwaye umgangatho wayo wovavanyo, i-DIN SPEC 70122:2018, yapapashwa ngo-2018.

Umgangatho we-ISO 15118 wakhutshwa kade, kwaye inguqulelo yokuqala yapapashwa ngokusesikweni ngo-2013. Imigangatho ethile yesicelo kunye nemigangatho yovavanyo yakhutshwa kamva ngo-2014 nango-2018. I-ISO 15118 luhlu olukhulu lwemigangatho oluphuhlileyo ngokukhawuleza. Isizukulwana sokuqala semigangatho enxulumene nokutshaja okuqhubayo siquka le migangatho mihlanu ilandelayo: i-ISO 15118-1 (Iimfuno eziJikelele kunye neeNkcazelo zeTyala loSetyenziso), i-ISO 15118-2 (Iimfuno zeProtokholi yeLayer yeSicelo), i-ISO 15118-3 (Iimfuno zeLayer yoPhilayo kunye neDatha yoNxibelelwano lweeDatha), i-ISO 15118-4 (Iinkcukacha zoVavanyo lweeLayer zeSicelo), kunye ne-ISO 15118-5 (Iinkcukacha zoVavanyo lweeLayer zePhilayo). I-DIN SPEC 70121:2014 inokubonwa njengenguqulelo elula ye-ISO 15118-2/3. I-DIN SPEC 70121 ixhasa kuphela ukutshaja kwe-DC, ngelixa imigangatho ye-ISO 15118-1 ukuya kwi-5 ixhasa ukutshaja kwe-AC kunye ne-DC ngaxeshanye, kwaye ixhasa ukubethela kwe-TLS, ukusebenza kwe-plug-and-charge (PNC), kunye nokutshaja okukrelekrele.

Ngowama-2022, uthotho lwe-ISO 15118 lukhuphe umgangatho walo wokutshaja wesizukulwana sesibini, oko kukuthi i-ISO 15118-20:2022, ekhankanyiweyo apha ngasentla. Xa kuthelekiswa ne-ISO 15118-2, ikwaxhasa imisebenzi ye-TLS 1.3 encryption, i-V2G (isithuthi ukuya kwigridi), i-WPT (ukutshaja ngaphandle kwentambo), kunye ne-ACD (isixhobo soqhagamshelo oluzenzekelayo), kwaye inemigangatho yovavanyo ehambelanayo: Uvavanyo oluQhelekileyo lwe-15118-21, Uvavanyo oluQhelekileyo lwe-15118-23 DC, Uvavanyo oluQhelekileyo lwe-15118-22 AC (olungakakhutshwa), Uvavanyo oluQhelekileyo lwe-15118-24 ACD (olungakakhutshwa), kunye novavanyo oluQhelekileyo lwe-15118-25 WPT (olungakakhutshwa). I-DIN SPEC 70121 yadalwa njengesisombululo sotshintsho ukuxhasa uphuhliso olukhawulezileyo lwemarike yezithuthi zombane ngaphambi kokukhutshwa kwe-ISO 15118. Nangona kunjalo, kwiindlela zonxibelelwano zokwenyani phakathi kwezikhululo zokutshaja kunye nezithuthi, nokuba zombini imoto kunye nesikhululo sokutshaja zixhasa zombini i-DIN SPEC 70121 kunye ne-ISO 15118, i-DIN SPEC 70121 isalawula kwiimeko ezininzi. Ngaphandle kwenzuzo yokuqala ye-DIN SPEC 70121, ukungabikho kweemeko zokusetyenziswa ezikumgangatho ophezulu nezintsonkothileyo (TLS/PNC/V2G/WPT, njl.njl.) sesona sizathu sibalulekileyo.

Kutheni le nto umgaqo omtsha weziseko zophuhliso ezisebenzisa amafutha ngoku ufuna inkxaso epheleleyo ye-ISO 15118-2 kunye ne-ISO 15118-20?

Ingqiqo esisiseko yokukhuthazwa okunyanzelekileyo kwe-EU kwemigangatho yochungechunge lwe-ISO 15118

IKhomishini yaseYurophu ineembono zomgaqo-nkqubo wezemizi-mveliso.

Iziseko zophuhliso ezisebenzisa ezinye iindlela zokuhambisa amafutha (uMyalelo 2014/94/EU ngokusasazwa kweziseko zophuhliso ezisebenzisa ezinye iindlela zokuhambisa amafutha) zapapashwa okokuqala ngo-2014, kodwa yayingenguwo ummiselo ngelo xesha, yayingumyalelo kuphela.

Imiyalelo yahlukile kwimithetho enyanzelekileyo kuba ichaza kuphela iziphumo ekufuneka zifezekiswe, kodwa ayichazi ngokucacileyo iimfuno, nto leyo evumela amazwe angamalungu ukuba aphuhlise ngokuzimeleyo iindlela zokuphumeza.

Umzekelo, umyalelo weziseko zophuhliso ezizezinye zepetroli zowama-2014 wawuquka neemfuno zeendawo zokutshaja, izitishi zokufutha i-hydrogen, kunye nezitishi zokufutha igesi, kodwa wathi kuphela kufuneka zibe "nobuninzi obufanelekileyo bokugubungela," ngaphandle kokuchaza iithagethi zamanani, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuqhekekeni nasekuphuhlisweni okungalinganiyo kweziseko zophuhliso kulo lonke i-EU. Amazwe aneenkqubo zezithuthi zombane (EV) eziphuhliswe kakuhle nezisasazekileyo ngokwendalo azimisele ngakumbi ukutyala imali, ngelixa lawo anophuhliso olucothayo lwe-EV eqhubela phambili kancinci. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, uphuhliso lwe-EV lwehlabathi luye lwakhawuleza (ukungena kwe-EV eTshayina kudlule i-50%), kodwa eYurophu, iziseko zophuhliso zokutshaja ezibuthathaka kunye nemisebenzi enzima ibangele amava amabi kubasebenzisi be-EV, nto leyo ethintela ukutshintshela ekuthuthweni kwe-zero-carbon.

I-DIN SPEC 70121, njengesivumelwano sotshintsho, ibisoloko isebenza njengomgangatho oqhelekileyo wokutshaja, nto leyo ebubungqina boku.

IKhomishini yaseYurophu yaqonda imfuneko yokukhawulezisa ukwakhiwa kweziseko ezintsha zamandla; kungenjalo, bekungayi kuba nzima nje kuphela ukufezekisa iinjongo zokunciphisa ikhabhoni zika-2050 kodwa kwakhona kuya kuba semva kukhuphiswano kumashishini eemoto kunye nawamandla asasazwayo. Ukuguqula le meko, i-EU yaphucula uMyalelo ka-2014/94/EU ukuya kummiselo (UMGAQO (EU) 2023/1804) ngo-2023, ichaza ngokucacileyo umgomo: ngo-2025, isikhululo sokutshaja esinamandla apheleleyo angama-400kW kufuneka sifakelwe rhoqo kwiikhilomitha ezingama-60. Esi sikhululo sokutshaja kufuneka siquke ubuncinane inqwaba enye yokutshaja enamandla angama-150kW nangaphezulu. Ngo-2027: Imfuneko yamandla iyonke kwizikhululo zokutshaja ngeekhilomitha ezingama-60 iya kwanda iye kwi-600kW, kwaye kufuneka iquke ubuncinane isikhululo sokutshaja esinye esinombane ophuma kwi-150kW nangaphezulu.

IKhomishini yaseYurophu inemigaqo-nkqubo yezoshishino esetyenziswayo.

ISikhokelo sokusetyenziswa kweZiseko zeAlternative Fuel (iSikhokelo 2014/94/EU) sakhutshwa okokuqala ngo-2014, ekuqaleni njengomyalelo endaweni yokuba ngummiselo.

Ngokungafaniyo neemfuno ezinyanzelekileyo zemigaqo, imiyalelo ichaza iziphumo ezifunwayo ngaphandle kokuzibala ngokucacileyo, ivumela amazwe angamalungu ukuba aphuhlise iindlela zawo zokuphumeza.

Umzekelo, i-2014 Directive on Alternative Fuel Infrastructure ikwachaze iimfuno zeendawo zokutshaja, izitishi zokufutha i-hydrogen, kunye nezitishi zokufutha i-CNG, kodwa yachaza kuphela "ubuninzi obufanelekileyo bokugubungela" ngaphandle kokuchaza amanani acacileyo. Oku kukhokelele ekuqhekekeni nasekuphuhlisweni okungalinganiyo kweziseko zophuhliso kulo lonke i-EU. Amazwe anophuhliso lwezithuthi zombane oluphambili nolusasazekileyo ngokwendalo azimisele ngakumbi ukutyala imali, ngelixa amazwe anophuhliso olucothayo lwezithuthi zombane eqhubela phambili kancinci. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, imakethi yehlabathi yezithuthi zombane (i-EV) iphuhlile ngokukhawuleza (ukungena kwe-EV eTshayina kudlule i-50%). Nangona kunjalo, eYurophu, iziseko zophuhliso zokutshaja ezibuthathaka kunye nemisebenzi enzima ibangele amava amabi kubasebenzisi be-EV, nto leyo ethintela ukutshintshela ekuthuthweni kwe-zero-carbon.

I-DIN SPEC 70121, njengesivumelwano sotshintsho, ibisoloko isebenza njengomgangatho oqhelekileyo wokutshaja, nto leyo ebubungqina boku.

IKhomishini yaseYurophu yaqonda imfuneko yokukhawulezisa ukwakhiwa kweziseko ezintsha zamandla; kungenjalo, bekungayi kuba nzima nje kuphela ukufezekisa iinjongo zokunciphisa ikhabhoni zika-2050 kodwa kwakhona kuya kuba semva kukhuphiswano kumashishini eemoto kunye nawamandla asasazwayo. Ukuguqula le meko, i-EU yaphucula uMyalelo ka-2014/94/EU ukuya kummiselo (UMGAQO (EU) 2023/1804) ngo-2023, ichaza ngokucacileyo iinjongo: Ngo-2025: isikhululo sokutshaja esinamandla apheleleyo angama-400kW kufuneka sifakelwe rhoqo kwiikhilomitha ezingama-60. Esi sikhululo sokutshaja kufuneka siquke ubuncinane inqwaba enye yokutshaja ye-150kW okanye ngaphezulu. Ngo-2027: imfuneko yamandla iyonke kwizikhululo zokutshaja rhoqo kwiikhilomitha ezingama-60 iya kwanda iye kwi-600kW, kwaye kufuneka iquke ubuncinane inqwaba enye yokutshaja ye-150kW okanye ngaphezulu.