Sabon Ma'aunin EN ISO 15118-1 / 2 don Tashoshin Cajin EV

Sabbin Bukatu don Tashoshin Caji: EN ISO 15118-1 Standard

Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta fitar da wani kuduri wanda zai yi tasiri sosai ga dukkan masana'antun ababen hawa masu amfani da wutar lantarki da kayayyakin more rayuwa na caji. Daga shekara mai zuwa, tashoshin caji dole ne su bi tsarin ISO 15118. Cibiyar VDE ta samar da ayyukan gwajin daidaitawa da dama kuma tana haɓaka ƙarin hanyoyin gwaji don tabbatar da bin ƙa'idodi.

Daga ranar 8 ga Janairu, 2026, duk wuraren caji na jama'a dole ne su cika buƙatun jerin ƙa'idodi na EN ISO 15118-1 zuwa -5. Daga ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2027, aiwatar da ƙa'idar EN ISO 15118-20 zai zama tilas, gami da tashoshin caji na sirri ko na rabin jama'a. Waɗannan ƙa'idodi su ne ginshiƙin fasalulluka masu mahimmanci a nan gaba kamar "toshe da kunnawa," sadarwa mai aminci tsakanin ababen hawa da wuraren caji, da kuma caji na hanya biyu (zuwa ga hanyar sadarwa).

Menene ma'anar EN ISO 15118-1/2 Standard?

Cibiyar Gwaji da Takaddun Shaida ta VDE ta mayar da martani da wuri ga sabbin buƙatun ƙa'idoji kuma a halin yanzu tana haɓaka hanyoyin gwaji na yau da kullun. Manufar ita ce samar da cikakkun gwaje-gwaje da ayyukan takaddun shaida masu inganci ga masana'antun tashoshin caji na AC da DC tun daga farko, bisa ga ƙa'idar ISO 15118, don tabbatar da cewa samfuran su sun cika ƙa'idodi.

Ayyukan Cibiyar VDE na ISO 15118 sun haɗa da gwajin haɗin kai da daidaito na kayayyakin more rayuwa na caji, shirya rahotannin gwaji da takaddun shaida na daidaito, da kuma kimanta haɗakar sabbin fasaloli kamar plug-and-play da V2G.

Dokokin tara tara tara na Turai, IEC 61851-24:2014/2023 Annex C, sun daɗe suna bayyana a sarari cewa sadarwa mai girma don tara tara tara tara na DC dole ne ta bi DIN SPEC 70121:2014 ko ISO 15118-2:2014 (ko dai ɗaya ko duka biyun za a iya tallafawa).

Wannan buƙatar ta haifar da ƙalubale ga wasu kamfanonin tara kuɗi na cikin gida.

Akwai bambance-bambancen haɗin gwiwa na zahiri. Ma'aunin Turai yana amfani da hanyar haɗin CCS2 (Combined Charging System 2), inda soket ɗin shigarwar AC da DC ke raba hanyar haɗin gwiwa ɗaya; ma'aunin Sin yana amfani da hanyar haɗin gwiwa ta System B, yana raba shigarwar AC da DC. Ana iya warware wannan bambanci ta hanyar bin ƙa'idar IEC 62196 sosai (wanda ke ƙayyade girma da buƙatun aiki a sarari), wanda hakan ke sa ya zama mai sauƙi a zahiri.

Hanyar sadarwa ta bambanta. Wannan babban shinge ne na fasaha. Bututun caji na yau da kullun na China yana da layukan siginar CAN+ da CAN daban-daban, kuma sadarwa ta bututun caji na abin hawa tana amfani da sadarwa ta CAN; yayin da bututun caji na yau da kullun na Turai ba shi da layin CAN, ta amfani da PLC (Sadarwar Layin Wuta), tana haɗa siginar mita mai yawa zuwa siginar daidaitawa mai faɗi na 12V, 1kHz PWM tsakanin layukan CP da PE. Idan aka kwatanta da sadarwa ta CAN, haɓaka yarjejeniyar sadarwa ta PLC ya fi wahala, kuma takaddun buɗe tushen ba su da yawa. Saboda haka, yawancin kamfanonin buɗaɗɗen caji suna siyan sassan SECC (Supply Equipment Communication Controller) daban-daban, suna tattara bayanan caji ta hanyar siginar CAN kuma suna aika su zuwa sashin SECC, wanda daga nan yana sadarwa da sashin EVCC (EV Communication Controller) na abin hawa.

Duk da haka, siyan ko haɓaka na'urar SECC taku ita ce mataki na farko kawai. Bayan an shigar da na'urar SECC a cikin tarin caji, har yanzu yana buƙatar a tabbatar da cewa na'urar, idan aka yi amfani da ita tare da dukkan tarin caji, ta cika ƙa'idodin Turai na DIN SPEC 70121:2014 ko ISO 15118-2:2014.

Domin rage farashi, kamfanonin caji da yawa sun zaɓi tallafawa DIN SPEC 70121 kawai saboda siyan kayan SECC ya fi arha kuma ya fi sauƙi a gwada.

Menene manyan bambance-bambance tsakanin ƙa'idodin DIN 70121 da jerin ISO 15118 don tulun caji na DC?

Kawai tallafawa DIN 70121 bai isa ya cika sabbin buƙatun EU ba.

Tarayyar Turai ta buga Dokar Hadin Kan Kwamiti (EU) 2025/656 a watan Yunin 2025. Wannan doka kari ne da gyare-gyare ga Dokar Hadin Kan Kwamiti (EU) 2023/1804 game da caji mara waya, tsarin hanyoyin lantarki, da samar da hydrogen ga motocin sufuri na hanya. An fitar da ita a shekarar 2023, Dokar Hadin Kan Kwamiti (EU) 2023/1804, wacce aka fi sani da Dokar Kayayyakin Man Fetur ta Madadin (AFIR), wata muhimmiyar doka ce da Tarayyar Turai ta gabatar don hanzarta sauyawa zuwa jigilar siginar da ba ta fitar da hayaki ba da kuma magance rashin isassun kayayyakin more rayuwa na madadin mai (lantarki, hydrogen, da sauransu). Manufarta ita ce tilasta wa kasashe mambobinta su inganta hanyoyin sadarwa na caji da mai ta hanyar yin dokoki, rage damuwar masu amfani game da kekuna da mai, da kuma tallafawa rungumar manyan motocin lantarki (EVs), motocin hydrogen (FCEVs), da manyan motocin lantarki masu aiki.

A takaice dai, Tarayyar Turai ta fitar da wani sabon tsari na Dokar Kayayyakin Man Fetur ta Madadin (AFIR), wadda ke da cikakken iko a shari'a, wajibi ne, kuma ta shafi kai tsaye ga dukkan ƙasashe membobinta.

Muhimman gyare-gyare sun haɗa da: Bayan Janairu 8, 2026, duk tashoshin caji da ake iya shiga jama'a kuma aka sanya su sabo ko aka gyara su, gami da tashoshin caji na AC da DC, dole ne aƙalla su cika buƙatun EN ISO 15118-2:2016. Bayan Janairu 1, 2027, duk tashoshin caji a cikin yankin jama'a waɗanda aka sanya su sabo ko aka gyara su, gami da tarin caji na AC da DC, dole ne aƙalla su bi EN ISO 15118-20:2022. Idan tashar caji tana ba da ayyukan tantancewa da izini ta atomatik, kamar PNC (plug-and-charge), dole ne ta bi EN ISO 15118-2:2016 da daidaitaccen EN ISO 15118-20:2022. Bayan Janairu 1, 2027, duk wuraren caji a wuraren caji na sirri waɗanda aka sanya su sabo ko aka gyara su, don wuraren caji na Mode 2 AC, dole ne su bi EN IEC 61851-1:2019; Don tudun caji na AC na Mode 3 da tudun caji na DC na Mode 4, dole ne su bi EN ISO 15118-20:2022. A taƙaice, duk sabbin tashoshin caji na DC na jama'a ko waɗanda aka gyara waɗanda aka sanya bayan 2026 dole ne su bi EN ISO 15118-2:2016. Duk sabbin tashoshin caji na DC ko waɗanda aka gyara ko kuma tashoshin caji na AC na Mode 3 da aka sanya bayan 2027 dole ne su bi EN ISO 15118-20:2022.

A cikin dangin tashar caji, na'urorin IC-CPD na Mode 2 ne kawai ba su cikin wannan umarnin. A China, ana kiran waɗannan tashoshin caji masu ɗaukuwa "caja da aka ɗora a kan abin hawa," kuma a Turai, ƙarfinsu yawanci bai wuce 3.7kW ba. DOKA (EU) 2025/656 ya bayyana cewa PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) ya isa ga tashoshin caji na Mode 2 AC, suna tallafawa ISO 15118-2 ko 20, kuma ba ya kawo wani ƙarin ƙima ga mai amfani na ƙarshe.

Ga kamfanonin tashoshin caji na cikin gida, wannan sabuwar doka na iya haifar da manyan shinge na fasaha. Da farko, an buƙaci bin ƙa'idodin DIN 70121, amma ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an wajabta goyon bayan ISO 15118; an kuma buƙaci goyon bayan ISO 15118-2 da ISO 15118-20. Wasu kamfanonin tara kuɗi da ke neman faɗaɗawa a ƙasashen waje ba su saba da waɗannan ƙa'idodi ba kuma suna buƙatar fahimtar bambance-bambance tsakanin DIN SPEC 70121, ISO 15118-2, da ISO 15118-20, da kuma manufar tallafawa su. Me yasa akwai ƙa'idodi da yawa don sadarwa ta tara kuɗi da motoci a Turai?

Juyin Halittar Ka'idojin Tsarin ISO 15118: Daga Maganin Canji zuwa Ma'aunin Duniya

A farkon shekarar 2010, ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa ta Kwamitin Fasaha na IEC 69 ​​(TC69) da Kwamitin Fasaha na ISO 22 (TC22) sun fara haɗin gwiwa kan ƙa'idodin jerin ISO 15118, suna fatan magance matsalar sadarwa mai haɗin kai tsakanin motocin lantarki da tarin caji. Saboda ƙungiyar aiki ta yi la'akari da batutuwa iri-iri kuma tana da niyyar samun babban sigar da ta dace, lokacin shiri don ƙa'idodin jerin ISO 15118 ya yi tsayi sosai, kuma an jinkirta fitar da shi a hukumance.

Amma kasuwar ba ta yi jinkiri ba. Musamman ma kamfanonin kera motoci na Jamus suna sha'awar motocinsu na lantarki su cimma tsarin caji na gama gari da wuri-wuri don samun fa'idar kasuwa. Saboda haka, masu ruwa da tsaki a masana'antar Jamus sun haɗu kuma, a cikin tsarin DIN, sun fitar da wasu fannoni masu kyau daga tattaunawar ISO 15118 don haɓaka ƙa'idar ƙasa ta Jamus wadda za a iya aiwatarwa nan take. An buga DIN SPEC 70121 a cikin 2012; an sabunta shi a cikin 2014; kuma an buga ƙa'idar gwaji, DIN SPEC 70122:2018, a cikin 2018.

An fitar da ma'aunin ISO 15118 a ƙarshen lokaci, inda aka buga sigar farko a hukumance a shekarar 2013. Daga baya aka fitar da takamaiman ƙa'idodin layukan aikace-aikace da ƙa'idodin gwaji a cikin 2014 da 2018. ISO 15118 babban jerin ƙa'idodi ne da suka bunƙasa cikin sauri. Tsarin farko na ƙa'idodi da suka shafi caji mai sarrafawa ya haɗa da waɗannan ƙa'idodi guda biyar: ISO 15118-1 (Bukatun Gabaɗaya da Ma'anar Yanayin Amfani), ISO 15118-2 (Bukatun Tsarin Layer na Aikace-aikace), ISO 15118-3 (Bukatun Layer na Jiki da Haɗin Bayanai), ISO 15118-4 (Bayanan Gwajin Layer na Aikace-aikace), da ISO 15118-5 (Bayanan Gwajin Layer na Jiki). Ana iya ganin DIN SPEC 70121:2014 a matsayin sigar da aka sauƙaƙa ta ISO 15118-2/3. DIN SPEC 70121 yana goyan bayan caji na DC ne kawai, yayin da ISO 15118-1 zuwa 5 ƙa'idodi suna goyan bayan caji na AC da DC a lokaci guda, kuma suna goyan bayan ɓoye TLS, aikin toshe-da-caji (PNC), da caji mai wayo.

A shekarar 2022, jerin ISO 15118 sun fitar da ma'aunin caji na ƙarni na biyu, wato ISO 15118-20:2022, wanda aka ambata a sama. Idan aka kwatanta da ISO 15118-2, yana kuma goyan bayan ɓoye TLS 1.3, V2G (abin hawa-zuwa-grid), WPT (cajin mara waya), da ACD (na'urar haɗin kai ta atomatik), kuma yana da ma'aunin gwaji masu dacewa: Gwaje-gwajen gama gari na 15118-21, Gwaje-gwajen Musamman na DC 15118-23, Gwaje-gwajen Musamman na AC 15118-22 (ba a sake su ba tukuna), Gwaje-gwajen Musamman na ACD 15118-24 (ba a sake su ba tukuna), da Gwaje-gwajen Musamman na WPT 15118-25 (ba a sake su ba tukuna). An ƙirƙiri DIN SPEC 70121 a matsayin mafita ta wucin gadi don tallafawa ci gaban kasuwar motocin lantarki cikin sauri kafin a fitar da ISO 15118. Duk da haka, a cikin zaɓin sadarwa na gaske tsakanin tashoshin caji da motoci, koda kuwa motar da tashar caji suna tallafawa DIN SPEC 70121 da ISO 15118, DIN SPEC 70121 har yanzu yana mamaye a mafi yawan yanayi. Baya ga fa'idar farko ta DIN SPEC 70121, rashin manyan lamuran amfani masu rikitarwa (TLS/PNC/V2G/WPT, da sauransu) shine mafi mahimmancin dalili.

Me yasa sabuwar dokar samar da ababen more rayuwa ta madadin mai yanzu ke buƙatar cikakken goyon baya ga ISO 15118-2 da ISO 15118-20?

Babban manufar da EU ta sanya a gaba wajen inganta ka'idojin jerin ISO 15118

Hukumar Turai tana da la'akari da manufofin masana'antu.

An fara buga kayayyakin more rayuwa na madadin mai (Dokar 2014/94/EU kan tura kayayyakin more rayuwa na madadin mai) a shekarar 2014, amma ba doka ba ce a lokacin, umarni ne kawai.

Umarnin sun bambanta da ƙa'idodi na wajibi domin sun ƙayyade sakamakon da za a cimma ne kawai, amma ba sa ƙididdige buƙatun a sarari, wanda hakan ke ba ƙasashen membobin damar haɓaka hanyoyin aiwatarwa da kansu.

Misali, umarnin samar da ababen more rayuwa na man fetur na 2014 ya kuma haɗa da buƙatun wuraren caji, tashoshin mai na hydrogen, da tashoshin mai na gas, amma ya bayyana ne kawai cewa ya kamata su sami "yawan ɗaukar hoto mai dacewa," ba tare da fayyace maƙasudai na lambobi ba, wanda ke haifar da rarrabuwar kawuna da rashin daidaiton ci gaban kayayyakin more rayuwa a faɗin EU. Ƙasashen da ke da tsarin ababen hawa na lantarki (EV) masu kyau da kuma yaɗuwa a zahiri suna da sha'awar saka hannun jari, yayin da waɗanda ke da jinkirin haɓaka EV suna ci gaba da ci gaba a hankali. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ci gaban EV na duniya ya kasance cikin sauri (shigar EV a China ya wuce 50%), amma a Turai, raunin kayayyakin more rayuwa na caji da ayyuka masu rikitarwa sun haifar da ƙarancin ƙwarewar mai amfani ga masu amfani da EV, wanda ke hana sauyawa zuwa jigilar sigar da ba ta da carbon.

DIN SPEC 70121, a matsayin yarjejeniyar wucin gadi, ta ci gaba da aiki a matsayin babban ma'aunin caji, wanda hakan ke tabbatar da hakan.

Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta fahimci buƙatar hanzarta gina sabbin kayayyakin samar da makamashi; in ba haka ba, ba wai kawai zai yi wahala a cimma burin rage gurɓatar carbon na 2050 ba, har ma zai yi ƙasa a gasa a masana'antun makamashi na kera motoci da na rarrabawa. Don sauya wannan yanayi, Tarayyar Turai ta haɓaka Umarnin 2014/94/EU zuwa ƙa'ida (DOKA (EU) 2023/1804) a cikin 2023, tana ƙididdige manufar a sarari: nan da 2025, dole ne a shigar da tashar caji mai ƙarfin akalla 400kW a kowace kilomita 60. Wannan tashar caji dole ne ta haɗa da aƙalla tarin caji ɗaya mai ƙarfin 150kW ko fiye. Nan da 2027: Jimillar buƙatar wutar lantarki ga tashoshin caji a kowace kilomita 60 zai ƙaru zuwa 600kW, kuma dole ne ya haɗa da aƙalla tashar caji ɗaya mai ƙarfin wutar lantarki na 150kW ko sama da haka.

Hukumar Tarayyar Turai tana da la'akari da manufofin masana'antu.

An fara fitar da Umarnin Sanya Kayayyakin Man Fetur na Madadin (Dokar 2014/94/EU) a shekarar 2014, da farko a matsayin umarni maimakon doka.

Ba kamar buƙatun dokoki na wajibi ba, umarni suna ƙayyade sakamakon da ake so ba tare da ƙididdige su a sarari ba, wanda ke ba ƙasashe membobin damar haɓaka hanyoyin aiwatar da su.

Misali, Umarnin 2014 kan Kayayyakin Man Fetur na Madadin ya kuma bayyana buƙatun wuraren caji, tashoshin mai na hydrogen, da tashoshin mai na CNG, amma ya bayyana kawai "yawan ɗaukar hoto mai dacewa" ba tare da fayyace adadi na zahiri ba. Wannan ya haifar da rarrabuwar kawuna da rashin daidaiton ci gaban kayayyakin more rayuwa a faɗin EU. Ƙasashen da ke da ci gaba da haɓaka ababen hawa na lantarki a zahiri suna da sha'awar saka hannun jari, yayin da ƙasashen da ke da jinkirin haɓaka ababen hawa na lantarki suna ci gaba da ci gaba a hankali. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, kasuwar motocin lantarki ta duniya (EV) ta bunƙasa cikin sauri (shigar EV a China ya wuce 50%). Duk da haka, a Turai, ƙarancin kayayyakin caji da ayyuka masu rikitarwa sun haifar da ƙarancin ƙwarewar mai amfani ga masu amfani da EV, wanda ke hana sauyawa zuwa jigilar sifili mara carbon.

DIN SPEC 70121, a matsayin yarjejeniyar wucin gadi, ta ci gaba da aiki a matsayin babban ma'aunin caji, wanda hakan ke tabbatar da hakan.

Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta fahimci buƙatar hanzarta gina sabbin kayayyakin samar da makamashi; in ba haka ba, ba wai kawai zai yi wahala a cimma burin rage gurɓatar carbon na 2050 ba, har ma zai yi ƙasa a gasa a masana'antun kera motoci da na makamashi da aka rarraba. Don sauya wannan yanayi, Tarayyar Turai ta haɓaka Umarnin 2014/94/EU zuwa ƙa'ida (DOKA (EU) 2023/1804) a cikin 2023, tana ƙididdige manufofin a sarari: Nan da 2025: dole ne a shigar da tashar caji mai ƙarfin akalla 400kW a kowace kilomita 60. Wannan tashar caji dole ne ta ƙunshi aƙalla tarin caji ɗaya na 150kW ko sama da haka. Nan da 2027: jimlar buƙatar wutar lantarki ga tashoshin caji a kowace kilomita 60 za ta ƙaru zuwa 600kW, kuma dole ne ta haɗa da aƙalla tarin caji ɗaya na 150kW ko sama da haka.