Izindinganiso zochungechunge lwe-ISO 15118: "imibuzo ephoqelekile" yeziteshi zokushaja ezithunyelwa e-European Union

Embonini yokushaja inqwaba eShayina, abakhiqizi bavame ukugxila ezinkombeni eziyinhloko ezifana nezindleko, ukwakheka kokubukeka, ukuphepha kwesakhiwo (umlilo/i-IP/ibanga lokuphepha), amapharamitha okusebenza (ukunemba kwamandla kagesi kanye ne-voltage), ukuhambisana (ukuhambisana nabakhiqizi bezimoto ezinkulu), kanye nemisebenzi yokuvikela (ukumiswa okuphuthumayo/ukumiswa kwephutha), kodwa ngokuvamile akukho ukunakwa okwanele kokuhambisana kwezinqubo zokuxhumana phakathi kwezimoto kanye nenqwaba. Lapho kuphenywa, amazinga e-GB 39752 kanye ne-GB 44263 esitifiketi se-CCC eShayina, abhekisela ku-GB/T 27930 “Iphrothokholi Yokuxhumana Yedijithali phakathi Kweshaja Eziqhubayo Ezingadingi Ibhodi kanye Nezimoto Zikagesi” kanye ne-GB/T 34658 “Ukuhlolwa Kokuhambisana Kwephrothokholi Yokuxhumana phakathi Kweshaja Eziqhubayo Ezingadingi Ibhodi kanye Nezinhlelo Zokuphatha Ibhethri Zezimoto Zikagesi”, akuzona izidingo eziphoqelekile.

Kodwa-ke, lapho izinkampani ziphendukela emakethe ye-EU, ukuhambisana kwephrothokholi yokuxhumana kuba umkhawulo wokuthobela imithetho ongenakunqotshwa - amazinga ochungechunge lwe-ISO 15118 asephenduke “ipasipoti” yeziteshi zokushaja ukuze zisebenze emhlabeni wonke ngenxa yomphumela ophoqelelwe wemithethonqubo ye-EU.

Umthethonqubo wesiteshi sokushaja saseYurophu i-IEC 61851-24:2014/2023 Isithasiselo C sesivele sichazile ukuthi ukuxhumana okuphezulu kweziteshi zokushaja ze-DC kudingeka kuhambisane nezidingo ze-DIN SPEC 70121:2014 noma i-ISO 15118-2:2014 (noma yikuphi noma kokubili kungasekelwa ngasikhathi sinye).

Lesi sidingo silethe izinselele kwamanye amabhizinisi asekhaya anezinqwaba zokushaja.

Kodwa kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukuthenga noma ukuthuthukisa amamojula e-SECC ngaphakathi, kuyisinyathelo sokuqala nje. Ngemva kokufaka imojula ye-SECC esiteshini sokushaja, kusadingeka ukufakazela ukuthi imojula ihlangabezana nezidingo ze-DIN SPEC 70121:2014 noma i-ISO 15118-2:2014 yendinganiso yaseYurophu uma ihlanganiswa nesiteshi sonke.

Ukuze kongiwe izindleko, izinkampani eziningi zenqwaba zikhetha ukusekela i-DIN SPEC 70121 kuphela, njengoba lokhu kunciphisa izindleko zokuthumela i-SECC ngaphandle futhi kwenza ukuhlolwa kube lula.

Kodwa-ke, ukusekela i-DIN 70121 kuphela okungasanele ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zakamuva ze-European Union.

I-European Union ikhiphe uMthethonqubo Odluliselwe kuKhomishini (i-EU) 2025/656 ngoJuni 2025. Lo mthethonqubo uyisithasiselo kanye nokubuyekezwa koMthethonqubo (i-EU) 2023/1804 mayelana nokushaja okungenantambo, izinhlelo zemigwaqo kagesi, kanye nokunikezwa kwe-hydrogen kwezimoto zokuthutha emgwaqweni. UMTHETHOMQULU (i-EU) 2023/1804, okhishwe ngo-2023, waziwa kakhulu ngokuthi uMthethonqubo Wengqalasizinda Ye-Alternative Fuel (AFIR). Ungumthethonqubo wenqubomgomo oyinhloko owethulwe yi-EU ukusheshisa ukushintshela ekuthuthweni okungekho ukukhishwa kwegesi kanye nokubhekana nokuntuleka kwengqalasizinda kaphethiloli ehlukile (ugesi, i-hydrogen, njll.). Inhloso yawo ukuphoqa amazwe angamalungu ukuthi athuthukise amanethiwekhi awo engqalasizinda njengokushaja nokugcwalisa uphethiloli ngomthetho, ukuqeda ukukhathazeka kwabasebenzisi mayelana nobubanzi kanye nokugcwaliswa kabusha kwamandla, kanye nokusekela ukuthandwa okukhulu kwezimoto zikagesi (ama-EV), izimoto zamaseli kaphethiloli e-hydrogen (ama-FCEV), kanye namaloli kagesi anzima.

Kalula nje, i-EU ikhiphe inguqulo ebuyekeziwe ye-Alternative Fuel Infrastructure Regulation (AFIR), esebenza ngokugcwele ngokomthetho futhi iyimfuneko ephoqelekile esebenza ngqo kuwo wonke amazwe angamalungu.

Ukubuyekezwa okubalulekile kufaka phakathi:

• (1) Ngemuva kukaJanuwari 8, 2026, zonke iziteshi zokushaja ezifinyeleleka emphakathini nezisanda kufakwa noma ezivuselelwe, kufaka phakathi ama-AC kanye nama-DC piles, kumele zihambisane nezidingo ze-EN ISO 15118-2:2016 okungenani.
• (2) Ngemva kukaJanuwari 1, 2027, zonke iziteshi zokushaja ezifinyeleleka emphakathini nezisanda kufakwa noma ezivuselelwe, okuhlanganisa ama-AC kanye nama-DC piles, kumele zihambisane nezidingo ze-EN ISO 15118-20:2022 okungenani. Uma isiteshi sokushaja sinikeza izinsizakalo zokuqinisekisa kanye nokugunyazwa okuzenzakalelayo, njengomsebenzi we-PNC (Plug and Play), sidinga ukuhambisana ne-EN ISO 15118-2:2016 kanye ne-EN ISO 15118-20:2022 ejwayelekile.

Ngemuva kukaJanuwari 1, 2027, zonke iziteshi zokushaja ezifakiwe noma ezivuselelwe ezindaweni zokushaja ezizimele kumele zihambisane ne-EN IEC 61851-1:2019 yamaphoyinti okushaja e-mode 2 AC, kanye ne-EN ISO 15118-20:2022 yamaphoyinti okushaja e-mode 3 AC kanye namaphoyinti okushaja e-mode 4 DC.

Ngamafuphi, wonke ama-DC pile omphakathi asanda kufakwa noma avuselelwe ngemva kuka-2026 kumele ahambisane nezidingo ze-EN ISO 15118-2:2016, futhi wonke ama-DC pile asanda kufakwa noma avuselelwe kanye nama-Mode 3 AC piles ngemva kuka-2027 kumele ahambisane ne-EN ISO 15118-20:2022.

Emndenini wesiteshi sokushaja, imodi 2 IC-CPD kuphela engekho ngaphansi kobubanzi besiqondiso. EShayina, lolu hlobo lwesiteshi sokushaja esiphathwayo lubizwa ngokuthi ukushaja ebhodini, kanti eYurophu, amandla ngokuvamile awadluli ku-3.7 kW. Incazelo enikezwe ku-Regulation (EU) 2025/656 ukuthi iziteshi zemodi 2 AC ezisebenzisa i-PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) zanele, zisekela i-ISO 15118-2 noma i-20, futhi ngeke zilethe noma yiliphi inani elengeziwe kumsebenzisi wokugcina.

Ezinkampanini zasekhaya ezithwala izinqwaba, lo mthetho omusha ungase udale izithiyo zobuchwepheshe ezibalulekile. Kudingeka nje ukuhlangabezana ne-DIN 70121, isidingo esidingekayo maduze sokusekela i-ISO 15118; Sekela kokubili i-ISO 15118-2 kanye ne-ISO 15118-20. Ezinye izinkampani ezithwala izinqwaba ezifuna ukuya emhlabeni wonke azijwayelene nalezi zindinganiso futhi zidinga ukuqonda umehluko phakathi kwe-DIN SPEC 70121, i-ISO 15118-2, kanye ne-ISO 15118-20, kanye nenhloso yokusekela. Kungani kunezindinganiso eziningi kangaka zokuxhumana phakathi kwezimoto nezinqwaba eYurophu?

Lokhu kuqala ngefa lomlando. Ekuqaleni kuka-2010, iQembu Elisebenzayo Elihlangene leKomidi Lobuchwepheshe le-IEC 69 ​​(TC69) kanye neKomidi Lobuchwepheshe le-ISO 22 (TC22) laqala ukubambisana ukuthuthukisa uchungechunge lwezindinganiso ze-ISO 15118, lihlose ukubhekana nenkinga yokumiswa kwezindinganiso zokuxhumana phakathi kwezimoto zikagesi neziteshi zokushaja. Ngenxa yokucatshangelwa okuphelele kweqembu elisebenzayo kanye nesifiso sokudala inguqulo enkulu ehambisanayo, isikhathi sokulungiselela amazinga ochungechunge lwe-ISO 15118 sasiside kakhulu, okwaholela ekubambezelekeni kokukhishwa kwawo ngokusemthethweni.

Kodwa imakethe ayisakwazi ukulinda isikhathi eside. Ikakhulukazi abakhiqizi bezimoto baseJalimane banethemba lokuthi izimoto zabo zikagesi zingafinyelela ukushaja okujwayelekile ngokushesha okukhulu futhi zithole izinzuzo zemakethe. Ngakho-ke ababambiqhaza embonini eJalimane bahlanganisa amandla, futhi ngaphakathi kohlaka lwe-DIN, bakhipha okunye kokuqukethwe okuvuthiwe okuxoxwe ngakho ku-ISO 15118 ukuthuthukisa indinganiso kazwelonke yaseJalimane engasetshenziswa ngokushesha. Ngo-2012, i-DIN SPEC 70121 yakhishwa; Yabuyekezwa ngo-2014; Indinganiso yencazelo yokuhlola i-DIN SPEC 70122:2018 yakhishwa ngo-2018.

Izinga le-ISO 15118 lafika sekwephuzile futhi lakhishwa ngokusemthethweni ohlelweni lwalo lokuqala ngo-2013; Ngo-2014 nango-2018, amazinga athile okusebenza kanye nezindinganiso zokuhlola zakhishwa ngokulandelana. I-ISO 15118 uchungechunge olukhulu lwezindinganiso ezithuthuka ngokushesha. Kunezindinganiso ezinhlanu ezihlobene nokushaja kokuqhuba esizukulwaneni sokuqala:

I-DIN SPEC 70121:2014 ingabonakala njengenguqulo elula ye-ISO 15118-2/3 okukhulunywe ngayo ngenhla. I-DIN SPEC 70121 isekela kuphela ukushaja kwe-DC, kuyilapho amazinga e-ISO 15118-1 kuya ku-5 angasekela kokubili ukushaja kwe-AC ne-DC, kanye nokusebenza kwe-TLS encryption, plug and play (PNC), kanye nokushaja okuhlakaniphile.

Ngo-2022, uchungechunge lwe-ISO 15118 lwakhipha isizukulwane sesibili sezindinganiso zokushaja, okungukuthi i-ISO 15118-20:2022 njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili. Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-ISO 15118-2, luphinde lusekele ukubethela kwe-TLS1.3, i-V2G (ukudlulisa amandla kagesi kugridi), i-WPT (ukushaja okungenantambo), kanye nemisebenzi ye-ACD (idivayisi yokuxhuma okuzenzakalelayo) ngokwesisekelo sokuqala.

IKhomishini yaseYurophu inezimfuneko zenqubomgomo yezimboni. I-Directive 2014/94/EU mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwengqalasizinda kaphethiloli ehlukile yakhishwa okokuqala ngo-2014, ngesikhathi ingakabi ngumthethonqubo, kodwa kunalokho iyisiqondiso. I-Directive ihlukile ezidingweni eziphoqelekile zemithethonqubo, njengoba ichaza kuphela imiphumela okudingeka ifinyelelwe, kodwa ayicacisi izidingo zobuningi.

IKhomishini yaseYurophu iyasiqaphela isidingo sokusheshisa ukwakhiwa kwengqalasizinda entsha yamandla, ngaphandle kwalokho ngeke nje kube nzima ukufeza umgomo wokunciphisa ikhabhoni ka-2050, kodwa futhi kuzosala ngemuva emncintiswaneni phakathi kwezimboni zamandla ezimoto nezasatshalaliswa. Ukuze kuguqulwe lesi simo, i-EU ithuthukise umyalelo ka-2014/94/EU kuMthethonqubo (EU) 2023/1804 ngo-2023, ngezinhloso ezicacile zokulinganisa.

Izidingo ze-ISO 15118-20 zibonisa ngokusobala isifiso se-EU sokusheshisa ukuqaliswa kweziteshi zokushaja kanye nokuthunyelwa kwezimoto zikagesi kugridi yamandla, lokhu kwamuva kuhlanganiswe ngokujulile negridi. Ngokuxhuma kugridi yamandla ngeziteshi zokushaja, izimoto zikagesi azisebenzi nje kuphela njengezimoto, kodwa futhi njengamayunithi okugcina amandla asatshalaliswa ohlelweni lwamandla, futhi ziyingxenye yegridi ehlakaniphile.

Ngemva kokukhishwa kwemithethonqubo, amazwe angamalungu aseYurophu aseqalile ukuphendula ngenkuthalo. IFrance yamemezela ngoNovemba 2025 ukuthi izohlinzeka ngezibonelelo zemvelo zokuthenga izimoto zikagesi ezizimele; ngoNovemba 2025, iJalimane yakhipha uhlelo oluyinhloko lokushaja ingqalasizinda ngo-2030, oluhambisana ngokuphelele noMthethonqubo we-European Union (AFIR) 2023/1804.

Njengenhlangano yokuhlola nokuqinisekisa evela eceleni ehamba phambili emhlabeni jikelele, i-T Ü VS Ü D, eneminyaka engu-160 yokuqongelela ubuchwepheshe kanye nezinzuzo zobungcweti, inganikeza ukwesekwa okugcwele kokuhambisana nomjikelezo wokuphila kwamabhizinisi akhokhisa izinqwaba. I-T Ü VS Ü D izoqhubeka nokusebenzisa izinzuzo zayo zobuchwepheshe, izinsizakusebenza, kanye nenethiwekhi yomhlaba wonke ukukhuthaza ngokubambisana ukuguqulwa kwezokuthutha okungenakhabhoni emhlabeni wonke kanye nentuthuko yamandla esimeme.