Ka'idojin jerin ISO 15118: "Tambayoyi masu mahimmanci" don jigilar tashoshin caji zuwa Tarayyar Turai

A masana'antar tara tara a China, masana'antun galibi suna mai da hankali kan manyan alamu kamar farashi, ƙirar kamanni, amincin tsarin (tazara tsakanin wuta/IP/aminci), sigogin aiki (daidaiton halin yanzu da ƙarfin lantarki), jituwa (daidaito da manyan masana'antun ababen hawa), da ayyukan kariya (tasha ta gaggawa/tasha ta laifuffuka), amma gabaɗaya babu isasshen kulawa ga daidaiton ka'idojin sadarwa tsakanin ababen hawa da tara tara. Bayan bincike, ƙa'idodin GB 39752 da GB 44263 don takardar shaidar CCC a China, waɗanda ke nuni ga GB/T 27930 "Tsarin Sadarwa na Dijital tsakanin Caja Mai Rarraba da Motocin Wutar Lantarki" da GB/T 34658 "Gwajin Daidaito na Ka'idar Sadarwa tsakanin Caja Mai Rarraba da Tsarin Gudanar da Baturi don Motocin Wutar Lantarki", ba buƙatu ne na tilas ba.

Duk da haka, lokacin da kamfanoni suka mayar da hankalinsu ga kasuwar EU, daidaiton yarjejeniyar sadarwa ya zama matakin bin ƙa'ida da ba za a iya shawo kansa ba - ƙa'idodin jerin ISO 15118 sun zama "fasfo" ga tashoshin caji don su zama na duniya tare da tasirin tilas na ƙa'idodin EU.

Dokar tashar caji ta Turai IEC 61851-24:2014/2023 Shafi na C ya riga ya ƙayyade cewa sadarwa mai inganci na tashoshin caji na DC yana buƙatar bin ƙa'idodin DIN SPEC 70121:2014 ko ISO 15118-2:2014 (ko dai ɗaya ko duka biyun za a iya tallafawa a lokaci guda).

Wannan buƙatar ta kawo ƙalubale ga wasu kamfanonin caji na cikin gida.

Amma ko siyan ko haɓaka kayan aikin SECC a cikin gida ne, mataki na farko ne kawai. Bayan shigar da kayan aikin SECC a cikin tashar caji, har yanzu yana da mahimmanci a tabbatar da cewa kayan aikin ya cika buƙatun DIN SPEC 70121:2014 ko ISO 15118-2:2014 na ƙa'idar Turai idan aka haɗa su da dukkan tashar.

Domin rage farashi, kamfanonin tara kuɗi da yawa sun zaɓi tallafawa DIN SPEC 70121 kawai, saboda wannan yana rage farashin fitar da SECC kuma yana sauƙaƙa gwaji.

Duk da haka, tallafawa DIN 70121 kawai bai isa ya cika sabbin buƙatun Tarayyar Turai ba.

Tarayyar Turai ta fitar da Dokar Wakiltar Hukumar (EU) 2025/656 a watan Yunin 2025. Wannan doka kari ne kuma gyara ga Dokar (EU) 2023/1804 game da caji mara waya, tsarin tituna na lantarki, da samar da hydrogen ga motocin sufuri na hanya. Dokar (EU) 2023/1804, wacce aka fitar a shekarar 2023, an fi sani da Dokar Kayayyakin Man Fetur ta Madadin (AFIR). Wannan muhimmin tsari ne da Tarayyar Turai ta gabatar don hanzarta sauyawa zuwa jigilar siginar sigina da kuma magance karancin kayayyakin more rayuwa na madadin mai (wutar lantarki, hydrogen, da sauransu). Manufarta ita ce tilasta wa kasashe membobinta su inganta hanyoyin sadarwa na ababen more rayuwa kamar caji da sake cika mai ta hanyar dokoki, kawar da damuwar masu amfani game da kewayo da sake cika makamashi, da kuma tallafawa yaduwar manyan motocin lantarki (EVs), motocin hydrogen (FCEVs), da manyan motocin lantarki masu aiki da yawa.

A taƙaice dai, Tarayyar Turai ta fitar da wani sabon tsari na Dokar Kayayyakin Man Fetur ta Madadin (AFIR), wanda ke da cikakken tasiri a shari'a kuma wani muhimmin buƙatu ne da ya shafi dukkan ƙasashe membobinta.

Muhimman gyare-gyare sun haɗa da:

• (1) Bayan Janairu 8, 2026, duk tashoshin caji da ake iya shiga jama'a kuma aka sanya su sabo ko aka gyara su, gami da tarin AC da DC, dole ne su cika buƙatun EN ISO 15118-2:2016 aƙalla.
• (2) Bayan 1 ga Janairu, 2027, duk tashoshin caji da ake iya shiga jama'a kuma aka sanya su sabo ko aka gyara su, gami da tarin AC da DC, dole ne su cika buƙatun EN ISO 15118-20:2022 aƙalla. Idan tashar caji tana ba da ayyukan tantancewa da izini ta atomatik, kamar aikin PNC (Plug and Play), tana buƙatar bin ka'idodin EN ISO 15118-2:2016 da kuma daidaitaccen EN ISO 15118-20:2022.

Bayan 1 ga Janairu, 2027, duk tashoshin caji da aka sanya ko aka gyara a wuraren sake caji na sirri dole ne su bi EN IEC 61851-1:2019 don wuraren caji na AC na yanayin 2, da EN ISO 15118-20:2022 don wuraren caji na AC na yanayin 3 da wuraren caji na DC na yanayin 4.

A taƙaice, duk sabbin gibin DC na jama'a da aka girka ko aka gyara bayan 2026 dole ne su bi ƙa'idodin EN ISO 15118-2:2016, kuma duk sabbin gibin DC da aka girka ko aka gyara da gibin AC na Mode 3 bayan 2027 dole ne su bi EN ISO 15118-20:2022.

A cikin dangin tashar caji, yanayin 2 IC-CPD kawai ba ya cikin ikon umarnin. A China, ana kiran wannan nau'in tashar caji mai ɗaukuwa da caji a cikin jirgin, kuma a Turai, wutar lantarki yawanci ba ta wuce 3.7 kW ba. Bayanin da aka bayar a cikin Dokar (EU) 2025/656 shine cewa tashoshin AC na yanayin 2 masu amfani da PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) sun isa, suna tallafawa ISO 15118-2 ko 20, kuma ba za su kawo wani ƙarin ƙima ga mai amfani ba.

Ga kamfanonin tara kuɗi na cikin gida, wannan sabuwar doka na iya haifar da manyan shingen fasaha. Kawai ana buƙatar cika DIN 70121, wanda nan ba da jimawa ba ake buƙatar tallafawa ISO 15118; Goyi bayan ISO 15118-2 da ISO 15118-20. Wasu kamfanonin tara kuɗi waɗanda ke son shiga duniya ba su saba da waɗannan ƙa'idodi ba kuma suna buƙatar fahimtar bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin DIN SPEC 70121, ISO 15118-2, da ISO 15118-20, da kuma manufar tallafawa su. Me yasa akwai ƙa'idodi da yawa don sadarwa tsakanin motoci da tara kuɗi a Turai?

Wannan ya fara ne da gadon tarihi. A farkon shekarar 2010, Ƙungiyar Aiki ta Haɗaka ta Kwamitin Fasaha na IEC 69 ​​(TC69) da Kwamitin Fasaha na ISO 22 (TC22) sun fara haɗin gwiwa don haɓaka jerin ƙa'idodi na ISO 15118, da nufin magance matsalar daidaiton sadarwa tsakanin motocin lantarki da tashoshin caji. Saboda cikakken la'akari da ƙungiyar aiki da kuma sha'awar ƙirƙirar babban sigar da ta dace, lokacin shiri don ƙa'idodin jerin ISO 15118 ya yi tsayi sosai, wanda ya haifar da jinkiri a fitar da su a hukumance.

Amma kasuwa ba za ta iya jira ba. Musamman ma masana'antun motocin Jamus suna fatan motocinsu na lantarki za su iya samun caji na duniya da wuri-wuri kuma su sami fa'idodin kasuwa. Don haka masu ruwa da tsaki a masana'antar a Jamus sun haɗu kuma, a cikin tsarin DIN, sun fitar da wasu daga cikin abubuwan da suka tsufa da aka tattauna a cikin ISO 15118 don haɓaka ƙa'idar ƙasa ta Jamus wadda za a iya aiwatarwa nan take. A cikin 2012, an saki DIN SPEC 70121; An sabunta shi a cikin 2014; An fitar da ƙa'idar gwaji mai lamba DIN SPEC 70122:2018 a cikin 2018.

Ma'aunin ISO 15118 ya zo a makare kuma an fitar da shi a hukumance a bugu na farko a 2013; A cikin 2014 da 2018, an fitar da takamaiman ka'idojin aikace-aikace da ƙa'idodin gwaji a jere. ISO 15118 jerin ka'idoji ne masu yawa waɗanda ke ci gaba da haɓakawa cikin sauri. Akwai ƙa'idodi guda biyar da suka shafi caji mai juyi a ƙarni na farko:

Ana iya ganin DIN SPEC 70121:2014 a matsayin sigar da aka sauƙaƙe ta ISO 15118-2/3 da aka ambata a sama. DIN SPEC 70121 yana goyan bayan caji na DC ne kawai, yayin da ISO 15118-1 zuwa 5 na iya tallafawa caji na AC da DC, da kuma ɓoye TLS, aikin toshe da kunnawa (PNC), da kuma caji mai wayo.

A shekarar 2022, jerin ISO 15118 sun fitar da ƙarni na biyu na ƙa'idodin caji, wato ISO 15118-20:2022 kamar yadda aka ambata a baya. Idan aka kwatanta da ISO 15118-2, yana kuma tallafawa ɓoye TLS1.3, V2G (yana aika makamashin lantarki zuwa grid), WPT (cajin mara waya), da ACD (na'urar haɗin kai ta atomatik) bisa ga asali.

Hukumar Tarayyar Turai tana da la'akari da manufofin masana'antu. An fara fitar da Dokar 2014/94/EU kan tura kayayyakin more rayuwa na man fetur a shekarar 2014, lokacin da ba ta kasance doka ba tukuna, amma umarni ne. Umarnin ya bambanta da buƙatun dokoki na wajibi, domin yana ƙayyade sakamakon da ake buƙatar cimmawa ne kawai, amma bai ƙayyade buƙatun adadi ba.

Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta fahimci buƙatar hanzarta gina sabbin kayayyakin samar da makamashi, in ba haka ba, ba wai kawai zai yi wahala a cimma burin rage gurɓatar carbon a shekarar 2050 ba, har ma zai yi ƙasa a gwiwa a gasar da ke tsakanin masana'antun kera motoci da na makamashin da aka rarraba. Domin sauya yanayin, Tarayyar Turai ta haɓaka umarnin 2014/94/EU zuwa Dokar (EU) 2023/1804 a shekarar 2023, tare da manufofi masu ma'ana.

Bukatun da aka gindaya na ISO 15118-20 sun nuna a sarari cewa EU na son hanzarta aiwatar da tashoshin caji da aika motocin lantarki a cikin layin wutar lantarki, tare da haɗakar na'urar sosai da layin wutar lantarki. Ta hanyar haɗawa da layin wutar lantarki ta hanyar tashoshin caji, motocin lantarki ba wai kawai suna aiki a matsayin motoci ba, har ma a matsayin sassan ajiyar makamashi da aka rarraba a cikin tsarin wutar lantarki, kuma suna cikin layin wutar lantarki mai wayo.

Bayan an fitar da ƙa'idojin, ƙasashen Turai sun fara mayar da martani sosai. Faransa ta sanar a watan Nuwamba na 2025 cewa za ta samar da tallafin muhalli don siyan motocin lantarki masu zaman kansu; A watan Nuwamba na 2025, Jamus ta fitar da babban tsari don cajin kayayyakin more rayuwa nan da shekarar 2030, wanda ya yi daidai da Dokar Tarayyar Turai (AFIR) ta 2023/1804.

A matsayinta na babbar ƙungiyar gwaji da ba da takardar shaida ta ɓangare na uku a duniya, T Ü VS Ü D, tare da shekaru 160 na tarin fasaha da fa'idodin ƙwararru, za ta iya samar da cikakken goyon bayan bin ƙa'idodin rayuwa ga kamfanonin caji. T Ü VS Ü D za ta ci gaba da amfani da fa'idodin fasaharta, albarkatunta, da hanyoyin sadarwa na duniya don haɓaka canjin sifili na duniya na sufuri da ci gaban makamashi mai ɗorewa.